Alistair MacLeods No Great Mischief Essay example -- Alistair MacLeod

Alistair MacLeods No Great Mischief In No Great Mischief, Alistair MacLeod proves to the ref that it is impossible to talk slightly the Scottish-Canadian heritage with forbidden mentioning tradition, family and loyalty. MacLeod wrote this book about loyalty to family tradition. It is common to talk about these three things when one describes his family or his past in general, but in this book, MacLeod has include every single intricate detail about each one of the three aspects.Family plays the biggest role in this novel. Anything that the characters say or do usually has to do with family. The first time Alexander MacDonald, the narrator of the story, mentions family it is not his own. It is one of the immigrant families picking berries a great the road that he is driving on (MacLeod 1). This point takes him directly into a slight mention of his own family the grandmother (3). Since there is no main character in the book, it is thought to be the narrator. However, I wish to disagr ee with this particular and say that the real main character in this book is Alexanders brother, Calum, who lives in Toronto. The first time Calum is introduced, one of the first things to come out of his mouth is of family I have been thinking the last few days of Calum Ruadh, (11). We find out that Alexander has a close relationship with his brother and he drives to Toronto to visit him every weekend. This has become almost a tradition because he does not visit him to actually have a constructive conversation or to resolve a problem, although Calum has many of them, the most serious of which is drinking, but instead he visits him only for the sake of visiting him. It is also a tradition in that they do the same thing every time they drink, not so much Alexander as Calum. We later find out that Alexander has a similar tradition set up with other family members. The most distinct of which is his relationship with his grandmother Grandma. When he visits Grandma, it is always the sam e routine they sing long Gaelic songs, like the ones that their ancestors would. Alexander, for most of the first half of the book, does not talk about his present day family as much as his ancestors. He provides the reader with the information about how he wound up in Canada and what his ancestors had to go through to get here. Throughout this part of the book, Alexander makes it seem as... ...xample, the way that grandfather dies is probably one of the best ways to go he was relaxed, not in pain, and he was doing what he loved most reading his history textbooks. In the latter part of the book, whenever there is any mention of grandfather anywhere he is always either reading a book or quiescency (228, 264). Everyone in the family is always content, no matter what kind of trouble they go through or how much they have enjoyed they have always had enough to remunerate them. Towards the end of the novel, the reader is more and more convinced that the MacDonalds have serious problem s. Regardless of how attached you are to your past it is way too much to suave live on the same piece of land that someone from your family, your ancestor, has lived on in 1497. The MacDonalds live there not because they cannot afford something better but because they genuinely cherish the land that their ancestors cultivated and took care of. At the very end of the book, when Calum wishes for Alexander to take him back out to the East Coast to die there, it seems to be almost apologetic and gives the reader the impression that the brothers have to keep reminding themselves of their heritage.

The Three Musketeers :: essays research papers

DArtagnan goes to France to become a Musketeer. entirely on his guidance he gets into a fight with a tall ,dark haired nobleman with a scar on his right cheek. He sees the man talking to a charwoman named Milady de Winter. DArtagnan finally finds the captain of the musketeers Monsieur de Treville. DArtagnan sees the man that defeated him and runs afterhim. But on his way he runs over wounded Athos and he likewise runs into Porthos. He ranthrough the street but could not find the man. Athos gets mad and challenges DArtagnanto a duel. But when they were about to fight five Cardinal Guards sharpshoot them, andDArtagnan is rewarded for his bravery. One day his landlord comes to him with afavor and he excepts it because he has not paid his bill for three months rent.Constance Bonacieux was kidnapped. While he is telling his friends the undivided storyhe hears his landlord yelling because he was being arrested. But they do not save himfor if they get arrested then they will not be able to rescue him. At night he heard someone crying. He looked through the hole on the floor of his apartment, and saw the guards tying up a young woman. He brakes the door and scares the guards away. Shethanks him and they fall in love .He then guides her safely to the palace where she is a maid for the Queen of France. But a man comes beside her and DArtagnan isabout to fight him but she stops them and tells DArtagnan that it is only theDuke of Buckingham and that he has come to meet the Queen. The Queentells him to leave because he might be in danger .He asks her to give him somethingto remember her by ,so she gives him a ribbon with twelve diamonds on it. She didnt know but on of her maids were spying on her, the maid immediatelyreported it to Richelieu. Richelieu told the King to schedule a ball in ten days in the Queens honor. He told Milady de Winter to steal two of the diamonds from theribbon to show the King that his Queen gave it to another man. Constance asks DArtagnan t o tell the Duke about the ribbon, and the Queens danger. TheDuke gets someone to make a pair that looks just the same so he can get the Queenout of great danger.

Implementing Uniforms In School is The Right Thing To Do Essay

The argument whether uniforms should be allowed in coach has been debated over the last few decades. Implementing a uniform policy within schools would help reduce the rise of violent crimes. In todays high schools, too many innocent youths become fatalities due to gang warfare that has blossom out into the school system. Many parents feel that if a uniform policy was implemented the spread of gang warfare and the idea children have to have name bulls eye clothing would decrease drastically. However others are maladjusted that this policy would infringe on students First Amendment rights. Yet there are other parents that all worried that the uniforms give cost too much. In the following essay these issues will be addressed.Proponents of uniforms argue that the widespread violence in schools is due largely to the gangs. They bank that the distinctive gang colors and symbols are used to intimidate non-gang members and reinforce gang allegiance. Gang members are often found wearing clothing with master key sports teams logos on them. The clothing is often stolen from local stores or from other children. Children who where this kind of clothing to so only because they like it or it is in style. Jim Steinberg of the San Francisco inspector believes that, They have become a fashion statement and sometimes a gang statement. (1) This is why so many parents want the schools to go to a mandatory uniform policy. Many parents believe that if children wore uniforms, the violence in schools would drop drastically. Long Beach unified school district was the first large urban school district in the United States to implement a mandatory uniform policy. In 1994, the Long Beach unified school district in calcium became the nations fi... ... down from one child to another. By doing this they would come out ahead in the long run.The controversy whether to implement the uniform policy has gone on for quite a few years now. Both sides of the argument give compe lling reasons why or why not the policy should be implemented. except with the rise in the violent crimes in the school system, I feel that its his time to protect our children and implement it. If we do not do it now, Americas children will grow up knowing only violence. They will not know what its like to live a life without fear. So if you have a ascertain to implement the uniform policy do it.BibliographyWorks CitedDressed For Survival. The Economist 3 Sept. 1994 A32Dyson, Sen. Roy. Do You Favor Mandatory Uniforms In The Public Schools?12 July 1996. Online Posting. southerly Maryland Online. 04 Mar. 1999

Property in Second Treatise of Civil Government and Robinson Crusoe Ess

situation in Second Treatise of Civil Government and Robinson Crusoe Both John Lockes Second Treatise of Civil Government and Daniel Defoes Robinson Crusoe deal with the question of topographic point. In these deuce texts, the following questions arise when does common property become an individuals property and what factors make the appropriation of property justifiable or not? These questions may be answered by looking at each authors political views, followed by how they are incorporated in their work. Locke outlines the procedures for the transition of property to private ownership, while Defoe details the way Crusoe appropriates property (i.e., food, accommodations, and slaves) during the course of his stay on the deserted island. However, in order to really examine the question of ownership, it first must be established how property was viewed during Lockes and Defoes eras. Property was a revolutionary force in the seventeenth century (Larkin 56). A dictionary from that ti me period distinguished an individuals property by its independence from others control, delineate it as the highest right that a man hath or can have to anything, which is no way depending vpon any other mans courtesie (Harris 224). Property was widely distributed in England during Lockes liveliness (Larkin 57). Since it was natural to associate political authority with property during the seventeenth century, Lockes theory of property was seated with a view to politics (Harris 226 Larkin 57). His Treatise of Civil Government was indite after the civil war of 1642 (Larkin 57). Referring to property as that which individuals have in themselves, and also in goods, Locke expressed the view that the supreme power cannot take from ... ... whole caboodle Cited Defoe, Daniel. Robinson Crusoe. New York Bantam Books, 1991. Harris, Ian. The Mind of John Locke. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1994. Larkin, Paschal. Property in the Eighteenth Century. New York Howard Fertig Inc., 19 69. Locke, John. Two Treatises of Government, The Works of John Locke. Vol. 5. capital of the United Kingdom Thomas Teggs et al., 1823. 352-367. Novak, Maximillian E. Defoe and the Nature of Man. London Oxford University Press, 1963. Shinagel, Michael. Daniel Defoe and Middle-Class Gentility. Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press, 1968. Simmons, A. John. The Lockean Theory of Rights. Princeton Princeton University Press, 1992. Tully, James. A Discourse on Property John Locke and His Adversaries. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1980. Welch, Dennis. Thesis Statement Feedback. 27 October, 1998.

Henry James :: American Scence Henry James Essays

enthalpy James In August of 1904, after more than two decades abroad, the sixty-year-old Henry James returned to the United States for a year. While William James had famously remarked that his brother was a native of the James family (W James 517), with dinky else in the way of guinea pig affiliation, Henry considered himself as American as ever after his twenty years in Europe. The book he wrote to the highest degree his American journey was coroneted The American Scene only because Jamess first choice had been taken he would have preferred to call it The Return of the Native.1 But Jamess sense of himself as a native, as one at home in the United States, was shaken by his alienating experience of the American public, both as readers and as swell citizens. Today I want to consider ways in which James struggled to preserve a secure sense of himself, the private identity he called my me,2 in the midst of disorienting encounters with the American press and the American people -- encounters, I argue, that share a certain uncanny logic. The American press staged a lively debate over the meaning of Henry James, in reviews of The Golden Bowl and of the early chapters of The American Scene, accounts of Jamess lecture appearances, cartoons of the elusive Master, and parodies of his ornate late style. The trace Henry James came to serve as a kind of shorthand for a complex nexus of anxieties about ethics, art, and nationhood. Jamess writing and life gave rise to debates about morality (was he decadent or just sophisticated?), manliness (was he effeminate or just sensitive?), and modernity (was he an risque anachronism or was he avant-garde?), all entangled with the question of Jamess supposed patriotism or lack of it. James himself experienced the press assistance paid him as an assault, and felt a visceral sense of violation at the way that journalists used him to define their own positions in debates that often meant little to him. He f elt like a freak, ogled for the benefit and entertainment of the American crowd only those can understand, he maintained, who have been terrified & paralyzed absentees restored hither after long years & with every one wanting to see (or to deny) the strawberry marks on different parts of their persons.

Henry James :: American Scence Henry James Essays

Henry throng In August of 1904, after more than two decades abroad, the sixty-year-old Henry James returned to the united States for a year. While William James had famously remarked that his brother was a native of the James family (W James 517), with little else in the way of national affiliation, Henry considered himself as American as ever after his twenty years in Europe. The book he wrote about his American journey was titled The American characterization only because Jamess first choice had been taken he would have preferred to call it The Return of the Native.1 But Jamess sense of himself as a native, as matchless at home in the United States, was shaken by his alienating experience of the American public, both as readers and as fellow citizens. Today I want to consider ways in which James struggled to preserve a secure sense of himself, the private identity he called my me,2 in the midst of disorienting encounters with the American press and the American peop le -- encounters, I argue, that share a certain uncanny logic. The American press staged a lively public debate over the meaning of Henry James, in reviews of The Golden Bowl and of the early chapters of The American Scene, accounts of Jamess lecture appearances, cartoons of the elusive Master, and parodies of his ornate late style. The name Henry James came to serve as a kind of shorthand for a complex nexus of anxieties about ethics, art, and nationhood. Jamess writing and life gave rise to debates about morality (was he decadent or just sophisticated?), manliness (was he effeminate or just sensitive?), and modernity (was he an aristocratic anachronism or was he avant-garde?), all entangled with the question of Jamess supposed patriotism or lack of it. James himself experienced the press attention paid him as an assault, and matt-up a visceral sense of violation at the way that journalists used him to define their own positions in debates that often meant little to hi m. He felt like a freak, ogled for the benefit and entertainment of the American crowd only those can understand, he maintained, who have been terrified & paralyzed absentees restored hither after farsighted years & with every one wanting to see (or to deny) the strawberry marks on different parts of their persons.

Shiseido in China

Case- Shiseido Channeling Cosmetics in China 1. Marketing and distribution channels for cosmetics products performed mainly transactional and logistical function. Distribution channels such as the impulsive specialty compass pedigrees perform transactional function when they buy these cosmetic products from the manufacturer and sell them in their individual stores. They share risk with the producer (Shiseido) as they stock merchandises in expected value for sales.On the other hand, counters at departmental stores and door-to-door selling perform logistical function, whereby they gather, sort and disperse these cosmetic products at these specific counters. For example, some departmental stores may place all the cosmetics counters together on a single level/ specified area in order to serve its customers better. They kitty also store these products together at a single venue. Door-to-door selling brings the products directly to the consumers.Facilitating function can sometimes be performed in departmental stores as well, where they sidle up the bestselling cosmetic brands/products by their own advertisements. Transactional function is generally more important than logistical function, as the former involves the exchange of value (transaction) of products and money, as well as the potential risk the intermediaries are taking up when they chose to sell these products. If the stock the intermediaries purchased is unsold, they suffer the loss and not the producer.Hence, this function involves tangible gains and losses of the intermediaries, which usually operate to value these aspects more. 2. Channel Length Channel Intensity Creation of the Aupres brand which was sold in 350 departmental stores in 2004 shows the approach of intensive distribution Shiseido undertook, Shiseido in China continued on this approach as it attempted to open specialty model stores for its own brands of cosmetic products (some imported from Japan- Shiseido UV White, and some locall y produced brands such as WHITIA, ASPLIR) in China.This started in March 2004, which expanded to 800 stores by August 2005, and over 5000 stores by end-March in 2011 due to its success. Channel Type in that respect are various channel types follow by Shiseido in China. Generally, Shiseido in China is specialised and it initially focused on an exclusive chemical group of consumers through the Aupres brand, which targeted top one percent of Chinese population. Additionally, Shiseido started to expand into medium-priced brands (Za, Pure Mild China, UNO, ASPLIR) and lower-priced brand, DQ, in 2010.It has now changed its target group towards the mass Chinese women and seeks to enhance their yellowish pink and health. It generally segmented its range of products to suit the needs of the different consumer groups (looks for different price range of products). Under store retailing, Shiseido focuses on specialty stores through its departing specialty filament stores concept and selli ng its products through counters in departmental stores. In 2011, Shiseido has plans to commerce in e-commerce initiatives (non-store retailing) to expand existing points of contact with customers.In 2010, Shiseido also launched a website for Chinese Mail-Order market. Factors influencing channel design and strategy Customer Number/Dispersion The wide range of customers purchasing power in China results in the spreading of consumer segments. - More brands to target different marketing segments. Market Practices/ Availability of Channels Large number of channels available in China departmental stores and voluntary speciality stores. Market Penetration and Coverage Initially selective (only in departmental stores) for high end products - Intensive distribution through specialty stores. benefit Quality and Response Resources and Profits Improvements to be made to channel design Current channel design Indirect channels Marketer/ Producer - Retailers - Consumers Shiseido can implement other channel designs to broaden its availability to consumers - Implementing the multichannel marketing Shiseido can start a transactional website to increase sales and target a different consumer group from those who buy its products from retail stores. Eg. Males who find it difficult to purchase cosmetics good from retail stores. Promotional website to provide information about Shiseidos vast range of products will also be helpful in targeting cross-channel shoppers. 3. What retail strategy does Shiseido in China adopt? How is this strategy related to its division, targeting and branding strategies? Shiseido in China adopted a voluntary specialty chain stores concept and departmental stores promotion as well as drugstores recently for its in-store retailing. This uses indirect channels to distribute its products to consumers.This relates to segmentation as departmental stores and specialty chain stores cater to different groups of consumers because of the different brands of pr oducts they carry. More high-end and exclusive products are available in departmental stores and specialty chain stores. Medium-priced products specially designed for the China consumer market can also be base in these stores. Lower-priced brand such as DQ, can be found in drugstores instead. Evidently, different brands cater to consumer groups with diverse affluence. Shiseido is using multi-branding strategy to reach out to its consumer market.

Quality of Work Life Essay

In todays high tech, fast-paced world, the spring out environment is precise varied than it was a generation ago. It is now rare for a person to stay with a single company his or her entire work uping life. on that point are multiple reasons for this, but mostly because employees are often willing to leave a company for better opportunities, companies need to find ways non only to hire qualified people, but also to retain them. As more companies start to realize that a happy employee is an effective employee, they have started to run across for ways to improve the work environment.Many have implemented various work-life programs to help employees, including alternate work arrangements, onsite childcare, exercise facilities, relaxed dress codes, and more. Quality-of-work-life programs go beyond work/life programs by focusing attention less on employee involve outside of work and realizing that job stress and the quality of life at work is even more direct bearing on worker sa tisfaction. Open communications, mentoring programs, and fostering more amicable relationships among workers are some of the ways employers are improve the quality of work life.Emerging TrendsForces For ChangeA factor contributing to the problem was that the workers themselves were changing. They became educated, more affluent (partly because of the effectiveness of classical job design), and more independent. They began stretchiness for higher-order needs, something more than merely earning their bread. Employers now had two reasons for re-designing jobs and organisations for a better QWL * Classical design originally gave inadequate attention to human needs. * The needs and aspirations of workers themselves were changing.Humanised Work finished QWLOne option was to re-design jobs to have the attributes desired by people, and re-design organisations to have the environment desired by the people.This approach seeks to improve QWL. There is a need to give workers more of a challen ge, more of a whole task, more opportunity to use their ideas. Close attention to QWL provides a more humanised work environment. It attempts to serve the higher-order needs of workers as well as their more basic needs.It seeks to employ the higher skills of workers and to provide an environment that encourages them to improve their skills. The idea is that human resources should be fixed and non simply used. Further, the work should not have excessively negative conditions. It should not put workers under undue stress. It should not damage or degrade their humanness. It should not be threatening or unduly dangerous. Finally, it should contribute to, or at least leave unimpaired, workers abilities to perform in other life roles, such as citizen, spouse and parent. That is, work should contribute to general social advancement. contrast Enlargement vs. Job EnrichmentThe modern interest in quality of work life was wound up through efforts to change the scope of peoples jobs in attem pting to motivate them. Job scope has two dimensions breadth and depth. Job breadth is the number of different tasks an individual is directly responsible for. It ranges from very narrow (one task performed repetitively) to wide (several tasks). Employees with narrow job breadth were sometimes given a wider variety of duties in order to reduce their monotony this process is called job gush. In order to perform these additional duties, employees spend less time on each duty. another(prenominal) approach to changing job breadth is job rotation, which involves periodic assignment of an employee to completely different sets of job activities. Job rotation is an effective way to develop multiple skills in employees, which benefits the organisation while creating greater job interest and career options for the employee.Job enrichment takes a different approach by adding additional motivators to a job to make it more rewarding. It was developed by Frederick Herzberg on the basis of his s tudies indicating that the most effective way to motivate workers was by focusing on higher-order needs. Job enrichment seeks to add depth to a job by giving workers more control, responsibility and discretion over hoe their job is performed. The difference between enlargement and enrichment is illustrated in the figure on the next page.

Economic Contribution of Women Essay

1. Introduction This short paper aims to highlight the grave role women pack and can hoyden in frugal ontogeny. It hitresses three questions what is the evidence base to support investing in women? What be the current constraints on realising the full potential of women in the process of economic development? What ar the priority areas of intervention necessary to unblock these constraints? It is focussed on women and on economic development, rather than on the wider set off of gender and development. However, earlier looking at the evidence base, constraints, and interventions, it go away provide a brief context of the evolution of thinking around women and development.11. The Evolution of Women in discipline to in black-tie urge and learning In the1970s, research on African farmers noted that, far from being gender neutral, development was gender blind and could harm women. Out of this realization emerged the Women in Development (WID) approach, which constructed the problem of development as being womens elision from a benign process. Womens subordination was seen as having its roots in their exclusion from the market sphere and their dressed gravel to, and control, over resources.The key was then to place women in development by legislatively trying to limit discrimination and by promoting their involvement in education and employment.The WID approach led to resources being targeted at women and made particularly womens significant productive or income generating contri thoion, more(prenominal) visible. Their generative 1This paper has been prepared with inputs from the membership of the SDSN Thematic Group on the Ch allenges of Social Inclusion sexuality, In contactities and Human Rights, including Kwadwo Appiagyei-Atua (University of Ghana, Legon), Jan Egeland (Human Rights Watch), Todd Minerson (White Ribbon Campaign), Richard Morgan (UNICEF), Sanam Naraghi-Anderlin (International Civil parliamentary law Action Network), Elisabet h Prgl (Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies), Magdalena Seplveda Carmona (UN Special Rapporteur on extreme meagerness and gentleman honests), and Valmaine Toki (UN Permanent Forum on indigenous Issues). contribution was less well emphasised.While WID advocated for greater gender equation, it did not tackle the real structural problem the unequal gender roles and relations that are at the basis of gender subordination and womens exclusion. This approach as well as focussed on what hold back been shapeed practical gender conveys, such as providing come apart access to water, which would reduce the amount of while women and girls must spend in domestic activities and thus allow them more time for education or employment. in that respect was no questioning why collecting water has been constructed as a female responsibility, or why improved access to water is a need of women and girlsonly.In the 1980s, the sexual activity and Development ( gallivant) approach arose out of the critique of WID. GAD recognised that gender roles and relations are key to improving womens lives, with the term gender suggesting that a focus on both women and men is needed. More recently, the need to understand how gender intersects with other characteristics such as age, ethnicity and knowledgeableity has been noted. The GAD approach recognises that it is not sufficient to add women and girls into existing processes of development but there is in addition a need to problematise why they are excluded, advocating that the focus should be on addressing the imbalances of power at the basis of that exclusion.GAD also questions the notion of development and its benign nature, implying a need to shift from a narrow collar of development as economic growth, to a more social or compassionate centred development. GAD projects are more holistic and seek to address womens strategic gender interests by seeking the elimination of institutionalised forms of discr imination for instance around land rights, or ensuring the right of women and girls to live free from force-out, for typeface (Molyneux 1985 Moser 1989).The 1990s witnessed the rise of rights as many NGOs and agencies adopted a rights- base approach to development. Rights increase the recognition that womens demands are 3legitimate claims. The most guiding light success for the womens movement has perhaps been the establishment of sexual and reproductive rights as such. Within this has been recognition of womens right to live free from military group, and a broadening of understanding of violence against women from domestic to gender based. There was also a shift in understanding development as marrow economic development to a more holistic social development focus, in so far economic growth remains the main driver.For the majority of large development organisations and agencies, the WID approach has now largely been replaced by GAD, which has been institutionalised within the notion of gender mainstreaming. Mainstreaminginvolves ensuring that a gendered placement is central to all activities, including planning, implementation and monitoring of all programmes, projects, and legislation. While critiqued if undertaken merely as a tick box exercise, gender mainstreaming offers a potential for placing gender at the heart of development.However, womens rights, particularly sexual and reproductive health rights, are not universally accepted as rights, and violence against women remains prevalent across the globe, and women still lack full and equal participation in economic and political life. Mainstreaming has even so to succeed and there is a need for a continued prioritisation of integrating women into development.2. Evidence on the immensity of Women to Economic Development The most influential evidence on the importance of women to economic development has come from research used to support the population blasphemes Gender Mainstreaming Strategy la unched in 2001 (Dollar and Gatti 1999 Klasen 1999). This research highlighted that societies that discriminate by gender tend to bewilder less rapid economic growth and poorness reduction than societies that treat males and females more 4equally, and that social gender disparities produce economically inefficient outcomes (World bank building 2001a). For example, it is shown that if African countries had closed the gender gap in school day between 1960 and 1992 as quickly as East Asia did, this would have produced close to a doubling of per capita income growth in the region (WBGDG 2003).The primary pathways finished which gender systems affect growth are by influencing the productivity of labour and the allocative efficiency of the parsimoniousness (World Bank 2002). In terms of productivity, for example, if the access of women farmers to productive inputs and human capital were on a par with mens access, total agricultural output could increase by an estimated 6 to 20 percen t (World Bank 2001b). In terms of allocative efficiency, bit increases in crime syndicate income are generally associated with reduced child mortality risks, the marginal impact is almost 20 clock as large if the income is in the hands of the mother rather than the father (WBGDG 2003).Identification of women as being a reliable, productive and cheap labour lunge makes them the preferred workforce for textiles and electronic transnational corporations. Perception of women as good with money, including being better at paying back loans, has led them to be targeted in microfinance programmes. Recognition of women as more efficient distributors of goods and serve wells within the household has led to them being targeted with resources aimed at alleviating poverty, such as cash transfer programmes.The preceding(prenominal) shows how the justification for including women in development in economic growth has been an efficiency argument, with equity concerns being 5somewhat secondary . Critics suggest this instrumentalist approach to engendering development, while manner of speaking economic growth gains, will not fundamentally change the position and situation of women. It is important to note that while gender equality will help bring economic growth, economic growth will not necessarily bring gender equality. Advancing gender equality requires strengthening divergent dimensions of womens autonomy economic and political autonomy, full citizenship and freedom from all forms of violence, and sexual and reproductive autonomy (Alpzar Durn 2010).3. Constraints on Realising the Full Potential of Women in the Process of Economic Development Investment in the human capital, health and education, of women and girls is presented as a key way forward as witnessed by the MDGs. The logical system is that educated, healthy women are more able to engage in productive activities, find formal sector employment, earn higher incomes and enjoy greater returns to schooling than are uneducated women (WBGDG 2003 6). Educated women are more likely to invest in the education of their own children, and they are also more likely to have fewer children.Thus investment in human capital has positive short and longer term/inter-generational outcomes and is good for both productivity gains and limiting unsustainable population growth. However, attendance has narrowly focussed on ensuring the equal access of girls to primary education. Inequality of access to secondary and higher education persists, as does the limited elaboration of girls in the study of science and technology, limitingthe future life and employment options of insipid girls.Willingness to school, feed, and provide healthcare to girls is far more strongly determined by income and the costs of providing these services than is the case for boys. Sens 100 million missing women is testimony to how girls are discriminated against in terms of the allocation of household resources to the point that it cr eates a gender imbalance in some societies and countries.Families are often unwilling to invest in the education of girls if this investment is not perceived as bringing them direct economic gains girls are valued only as wives and mothers, and/or marriage transfers any potential future gains from this investment to another family. As 1 in 7 girls marries before the age of 18 in the developing world (UNFPA 2012), early and forced marriage remains a key issue and an important factor limiting young womens engagement in both education and economic activities.Justice institutions, from the police to the courts, continue to deny womens right to justice. Women and girls remain unable to access justice, given that in many countries there are still laws that discriminate against women in relation to the family, holding, citizenship and employment. Justice systems also do not meet the needs of specific groups of women, such as indigenous women who are discriminated against and face violenc e in the open and private spheres based on both gender and race (UNPFII 2013).Cultural factors limit womens rights and engagement in the workplace. Religion still has a key role to play in determining gender norms in many cultures and fundamentalist views across the spectrum of religions threaten or deny womens rights, including rights related to sex and sexualities, and to mobility and employment. Economic fundamentalism, policies and practices that prerogative profits over hoi polloi, also deny women their rights as workers and to work. While political culture is important for bringing change, women continue to have a limited division at the local and national levels, and womenare not able to fully participate in formal systems of power.In the majority of cultures unequal gender and generational relations exist within households with the male head having a high level of control. A woman going out to work is often take in by others as meaning the man is unable to provide for h is family, making men reluctant and thus limiting womens engagement in stipendiary work through violence or the threat of violence. When women do engage in paid work, it can improve their voice in the home and mightiness to influence household decision-making.It can also lead to conflict in the home, especially if women earn more than men, or womens employment coincides with mens under or unemployment. In the last decades, a crisis in masculinity has been recognised, relating to the changes in mens roles and positions through processes of globalisation, suggesting a need to focus attention on men if these changes are to bring transformative progress towards greater equality, rather than further harm women.Women continue to suffer limited mobility and, in some cultures, women are not able to leave the home if not accompanied by a man, effectively negating any type of paid employment. Even when women are allowed to leave, they whitethorn face verbal, sexual and physical abuse from u nknown males for being in the street and face gossip and stigma within their own communities.The growing levels and extremes of violence against women have been captured in the notion of femicide the killing of women by men just for being women, including honour killings. In Mexico for example, the term femicide has been used to describe female manufacturing plant workers being killed for going against gender norms and engaging in paid work outside the home.One in three women across the globe will experience violence at some stage in her lifetime. Violence against women and girls, or the threat of violence, be it physical, sexual or emotional, both in the private and public spheres, at the hands of known and unknown men, 8remains a key limiting factor to womens mobility and engagement inprocesses of development.Women who work at home have limited opportunities. While women are very in use(p) in agriculture, this is generally subsistence rather than cash crops. It is estimated that women own only 1% of property and lack of rights to acquire or own land, which severely limits womens engagement in larger scale cash crop production. Even when women can inherit land, the need for male shelterion or labour whitethorn mean they will give the land to male relatives.Lack of land ownership may also stop them participating in schemes to improve agricultural output, while lack of wider assets disallows them from accessing loans. Given their lower asset base, women farmers may be most touch by climate change, and while having knowledge of how to adapt, they may be least able to adopt appropriate adaptation strategies.World Bank research has highlighted how the worthless are less likely to engage in higher riskreturn activities and the result is that the return on their assets is 25-50% lower than for wealthier households (Holzmann and Jrgensen 2000). While not a gendered analysis, womens relative poverty, lack of assets, and lack of experience might mean they are pa rticularly risk averse keeping them from higher return economic initiatives. However, women have been shown to use micro-finance effectively to develop small enterprises and are recognised as good at paying back loans.When women are in paid employment, they are more likely to be engaged in part time rather than full time work, in the informal rather than the formal sector, and across the globe women earn less than men for comparable work. 9During the recent financial crisis, measures to protect the poor through employment programmes have not considered the gendered dimensions of crisis, yet women may have been more severely affected than men and in more diverse ways. Economic and financial crises cannot be seen in isolation from food, fuel, water, environment, human rights, and care crises (AWID 2012). Women face particular risks during disaster, which climate change may increase, and during conflict. In particular, the risk of physical and sexual violence increases. Agencies not on ly fail to protect women and girls, but theirreproductive and particularly their productive needs are often overlooked in crisis response and peacebuilding.While remunerated work is important for women, it is important to remember that women still undertake the bulk of unpaid work in the home, household plot, or family business. They have the primary responsibility for caring for children and older people as well responsibility for undertaking activities such as collection of water or firewood. Women play the key role in the care economy, which not only provides care to the young, old and the sick, but also is vital for ensuring a productive workforce. As this work is not remunerated, it is undervalued and lies outside general conceptualisations of the economy.Women engaged in paid work often face a double work day, since they may only be allowed to work as long as their domestic duties are still fulfilled. This means women are time poor and the time buck may impact on their health and wellbeing. To alleviate this burden and free women to enter paid work, daughters may be taken out of school to cover the domestic work, with related negative impacts on their education and business leader to seek remunerated work in the future.Womens continued inability to control their own stinkiness means that childbirth limits their ability to engage in productive activities. Even when reproductive health services are 10provided, this is not enough to ensure womens ability to access them. Men may see the decision over if and when to have children to be their decision, and large numbers of children may be read as a sign of male fertility and power, which becomes more important when masculinity is threatened. In many cultures, discussion of sexualities remains taboo, denying access and rights to those who do not conform to the heterosexual norm.The sexual and reproductive rights of adolescent girls in particular may be overlooked and they may be denied access to reproductive health services if they are unmarried. Research establishes a link between education and womens ability to control their fertility. Studies also show that paid work can promote greater understanding of sexual and reproductive rights among women.Womens socially constructed altruistic behaviour means that economic resources that enter the household via women are more likely to be spent on household and childrens needs. Female-headed households may not be the poorest of the poor as popularly constructed, since women who live with men may suffer secondary poverty the household overall is not poor but, as the man withholds income for personal consumption, women and children within the household are poor (Chant 2006). When women earn, men may withhold even more of their income, leaving women and children with access to the same level of resources but improving the position of women through greater control of those resources.This irresponsibility of men has meant women have been targeted within poverty reduction and social policy initiatives. While the targeting of women with resources is welcome, the associated feminisation of obligation and responsibility (Chant 2008) for delivering policy outcomes may not only marginalise men but add further to womens existing triple burden of reproductive, productive, and community management work. It may privilege their reproductive over their productive role and reinforce women as mothers rather than workers.Care needs to be taken to ensure that programmes serve womens needs and women are not merely placed at the service of these policy agendas (Molyneux 2007). It is important to remember that policies to promote economic development that include women but do not tackle the structural inequalities at the basis of their exclusion may bring growth gains, but will not necessarily bring gender equality gains.4. Priority Areas of Intervention Necessary to Unblock these Constraints Womens groups and movements across the globe contin ue to promote as fundamental the need to respect and defend womens sexual and reproductive health rights. Womens groups and movements also continue to be fundamental to promoting these rights, but many find themselves under threat for thisfocus. Sexual and reproductive rights are critical for social and economic development. Without these rights, women and adolescent girls cannot make decisions around fertility, repeated childbirth keeps them from income generating activities and reduces productivity, and early and forced marriage keeps young women from education and employment.Sexual, emotional and physical violence and the threat of violence limits womens mobility, confines women to the home, and keeps them from engaging fully in processes of social and economic development. Men and boys can have a role to play in the prevention of genderbased violence and the promotion of gender equality.Threats to womens rights exist on many levels, including those posed by culture, religion, an d tradition, as well as processes of globalisation and economic change. A right gained is not a right maintained unless there is constant monitoring of rights. There is a need to strengthen womens access to both formal and informal justice systems, and ensure these are responsive to advancing all womens equal rights, opportunity, and participation. Improving womens political voice is also important here.Womens responsibility for unpaid domestic work makes them time poor as well as more economically dependent on men, yet is vital for ensuring a healthy and productive workforce. While investment in infrastructure such as water, sanitation and electricity is important to ease the time burden associated with these tasks, it does not change how unpaid work and the care economy is conceptualised and valued. Financial, environmental, and health crises intensify the need for care services with the care burden dropping disproportionately on women and girls.Policies to provide affordable, qu ality child care and adequate healthcare services would not only free women to enter paid employment, but also help change care work from being understood as a domestic responsibility to a collective responsibility. This change in how care work is conceptualised and valued should be a longer-term goal.In the short term, there is a need to create full, decent productive employment opportunities for women and access to finance, as well as continue to provide social protection, and more importantly promote and value women as good with money. Key for economic growth is the promotion of womens economic rights which entails promoting a range of womens rights their sexual and reproductive rights and rights to education, to mobility, to voice, to ownership, and to live free from violence.References Alpzar Durn, L. Keynote speech at high-altitude Roundtable The implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, the outcomes of the 23rd special session of the General Assembly and its contribution to shaping a gender perspective towards the full realization of the MDGs. 54th session of the UN Commission on the Status of Women, United Nations Headquarters NY, March 2010. AWID. Getting at the Roots Re-integrating human rights and gender equality in the post2015 development agenda. Association for Womens Rights in Development, October 2012. Chant, S.Re-thinking the feminization of poverty in relation to aggregate gender indices, Journal of Human Development (7 (2), p.201-220), 2006. Chant, S. The feminisation of poverty and the feminisation of anti-poverty programmes Room for revision? Journal of Development Studies (44 (2), p.165197), 2008. Dollar, D and Gatti, R. Gender Inequality, Income, and Growth Are Good Times Good for Women? Gender and Development Working Papers, No. 1, May 1999. Holzmann, R. and S. Jrgensen. Social Risk Management A new conceptual framework for social protection and beyond, Social security Discussion Paper Series 0006, Social Prot ection Unit, Human Development Network, The World Bank, February 2000. Klasen, S. Does Gender Inequality Reduce Growth and Development?Evidence from CrossCountry Regressions, Gender and Development Working Papers No. 7, November 1999. Molyneux, M. Two cheers for conditional cash transfers, IDS Bulletin (38 (3), p.6975), 2007. Molyneux, M. Mobilization without emancipation? Womens interests, the state, and revolution in Nicaragua, Feminist Studies (11 (2), p.227254), 1985 Moser, C. Gender planning in the Third World Meetingpractical and strategic gender needs, World Development (17 (11), p.17991825), 1989. Sen, A. More than 100 million women are missing, impudent York Review of Books (37 (20), 1990. UNFPA, From Childhood to Womanhood Meeting the Sexual and Reproductive wellness Needs of Adolescent Girls.Fact Sheet Adolescent Girls Sexual and Reproductive Health Needs, 2012. UNPFII. Study on the extent of violence against women and girls in terms of article 22(2) of the United Nation s Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Issues (E/C.19/2013/9), 2013. WBGDG. Gender Equality and the Millennium Development Goals, World Bank Gender and Development Group, April 2003.World Bank. Social Protection Strategy From Safety Net to Springboard, Washington DC World Bank, 2001a. . Engendering Development by Gender Equality in Rights, Resources, and Voice, New York Oxford University Press, 2001b . Integrating Gender into the World Banks Work A Strategy for Action. Washington DC World Bank, 2002.15

Mother to Son by Langston Hughes Essay

Mother to Son, published in 1922 by Langston Hughes, was one of the most famous poems he had written. Hughes was African-American and was born in 1902. While support in the 1900s Hughes and his family experienced the sturdyships of racism, discrimination, and slavery. Therefore, this poem is non only words of encouragement from a mother to a son, but also words of encouragement to the entire African American community. This poem of inspiration let the community know that the difficulties that they all had to endure at the fourth dimension were felt by all and that they were not alone in the struggle. Hughes wrote this from the standpoint of a mother encouraging her son to keep going no matter what hardships he whitethorn experience. She explained that brio is hard and he is not the only one who has had to endure the experience of lifes hard lessons.The poem passes on a message from a mother to her son instructing him that he must remain optimistic despite the obstacles that li fe can bring. The mother compares her life to a set of old depleted down wooden dance steps. Using the metaphor that life for me has not been any set of lechatelierite stairs (2, 20), she implies to her son that her life has not been easy or pleasant either. The mother continues to tell her son of the obstacles that she has overcome by describing the old wooden stairs. She says it has had tacks in it and splinters and boards torn up and places with no carpet on the floor bare. (3-7)The tacks on the stairs were placed there by another person representing the wrong doings to her by another person and the splinters may have been the result of her actions. These tacks and splinters symbolize the cruel reality of life, as opposed to the ideal fantasy life, such as having a set of crystal stairs. Through the voice of the mother, Hughes uses the set of stairs as a metaphor for life and the hardships that they can bring. In spite of these obstacles the mother has moved up the stairs and has overcome them. She tells him she has been a climbin on, and reachin landins, and runin corners, and sometimes going in the dark when there aint been no light (9-13). She means here that sometimes she was blind to where thestairs or her life was leading her and the direction was unknown, but she still continued.The mother continues to encourage her son by telling him not to turn back or set down on the steps cause you finds its kinder hard (14-16). She is telling her him not to acquaint up regardless of how hard things may seem at the time and if he continues on he will eventually overcome these obstacles that are causing him such despair. She believes that once you check off it is harder to get started again and she encourages him by telling him how shes still goin, honey and Ise sill climin and that life for me aint been no crystal stair (18-20). She also tells him that she has made it and still has to encounter these obstacles even in her golden years and she did not give up and has not given up and if she is ardent enough to make it then so can he.Through a mothers voice Hughes uses metaphors, symbolism, and imagery. He also conveys a message of encouragement. Durring the time this he wrote this poem the message may have been directed towards the African American community however, today the message is directed to all who feel care giving into the hard times that life can and will bring. Hughes also reminds us that we are not alone in these hard times and that everyone experiences the equivalent hard times in some form or another.Langston Hughes died in 1967 I hope he knew that this poem spoke words of encouragement not only to the African American race but also to the rest of us needing some inspiration. His poem reminds up to be hopeful and to not give up on ourselves.

Pros and Cons of Gender Quotas Essay

There has been a considerable improvement of fe masculine representation in some beas of life in the other(prenominal) blow in 2012, women took home much than a third of the medals awarded at the London Olympics, but more importantly, the percentage of women on the boards of the 100 largest companies has risen over the past year to a record of 15. 6%. And in the last six months, 35% of new board appointments to FTSE 250 companies turn out been women (Braund).Many countries, led by Norway, have promoted female representation by implementing sexual activity quotas for corporate boards and they do so because gender quotas increase diversity in the puzzle outplace and with increased diversity comes many derivative benefits. Increased diversity by itself is a tremendous benefit it is in conformity with the notions of equality and representation (Bilkisu).By increasing diversity on corporate boards, we digest give speedy increase in womens representation and guarantee equality of results for women and men aspirants and, in doing so, support the concepts of freedom and intimacy that this country was found upon (Bilkisu). Furthermore, not only do gender quotas promote democracy done increased diversity, they also swear out to defeat the tendencies of groups composed of connatural individuals.Corporate boards with members that have similar backgrounds and have been through similar socialization are more the likely than not to share views and presumptions and are less likely to take in vigorous discussion and to challenge management (Gratton). Sharing views and presumptions and the reluctance to debate amongst one another results in groupthink, in which group members try to lessen conflict by reaching consensus and on that pointfore create an atmosphere of decreased creativity, uniqueness, and independent thinking.This scenario often exists in all male or majority male corporate boards because they tend towards the risky shift which results in them collu ding with each other and also lack the diverse networks that are so crucial to effective reading search and decision making (Gratton). Diversity promoted by gender quotas can provide a wider range of opinion, experience and networking but also can help prevent groupthink that can hinder innovation (Dong-youb). By introducing more women, assembly linees can reate an environment that stifles groupthink tendencies and allows for a larger variety of ideas and opinions to be shared.Introducing more women to corporate boards through gender quotas can help the business better understand the needs of diverse customers and workers and with the increasing globalization of the worlds economy, the customer base and work force for businesses are in fact becoming more diverse (Dong-youb). A better understanding of this increasingly diverse group of people allows the business to service their markets properly and enjoy continued profitability.Additionally, women appear to be gradually taking con trol of the economy women control about 70 percent of dwelling spending and with women making more of the sparing decisions, the need for more women on corporate boards becomes even more glaringly apparent (Bart). Especially in the consumer celestial sphere where the products and services are mainly bought by women, it is obvious that appointing more women to corporate boards would support the increasing number of female consumers by promoting their interests in business decisions (Gratton).Companies that conduct to ignore this shift in society would be wasting the ample amount of talent that exists already, as well as passing up the estimated economic benefits and boost to productivity of increasing female participation in the workforce at 11 percent of gross domestic product (Coonan). Diversity at the board-level also provides theatrical role models at the top of the corporate ladder that encourage aspiring younger engagementees with non-traditional qualifications or backgro unds (Dong-youb).There have been an increasing number of women enrolling in higher education in proportion to men and an increase in the number of women on corporate boards would provide those young aspiring women with a role model. However, despite all the benefits that implementing gender quotas could have, there has not been as much change on the makeup of corporate boards as would be expected and there is a group of people that are becoming frustrated by a lack of progress in this area and simply want quotas as a catalyst to disrupt the inertia and stimulate affirmative action (Jury).Cons of Gender QuotasWhile there are many people who see the benefits of gender quotas on corporate boards and strongly support the implementation of such, there are also people who view a gender quota as wrong in principle, has difficulties in practice, is tokenistic and is counterproductive to the end goal (Jury). Much of the view that gender quotas are not the solution to the lack of diversity on corporate boards can be contributed to the belief that the fundamental criteria for a board appointment must be talent and appropriateness and this belief is shared by both businesses and the women that businesses employ (Gratton).Everyone prefers to be chosen for certain positions based on merit as opposed to being picked for other reasons, since being chosen based on merit acknowledges strengths and dismisses any accusations of preferential treatment, especially when selection processes are transparent. Women facing minority representation on corporate boards are especially adamant that they dont want to go on a board as a token gesture, they want to be there because its meritorious (McFarland).Women, just like men, want to be recognized for their skills and achievements and not their appearance or gender no woman wants to be a token female, yet the recent adjure for quotas of women in the boardroom runs the risk of achieving exactly that (Mantzarapis). Implementing a gender qu ota for corporate boards can affect the dynamics of the workplace negatively by promoting the perception that women are only being appointed onto boards due to gender and not ability.These assumptions and questions concerning the reasons behind the promotion of women all contribute to undermining her ability from the start and may make it more difficult for her to prove herself (Mantzarapis). Even if the company openly claims that its decisions are based only on merit and not gender, the existence of gender quotas alone causes questions to be asked about the reasons behind a promotion or appointment no matter what the real reasons are.Since a quota system based on gender would overthrow the merits of those females who would be appointed to corporate boards, those against gender quotas believe it would be an insult to women and a great disservice to companies if women are appointed to fill quotas as standards get out inevitably be compromised when an arbitrary numerical target is s et against an unrealistic timeline (Khoo).

Inventions That Affected the World Essay

Our world has experienced numerous changes within the last century. New tricks be made every month, and one of the most influential changes is the invention of the cellphone. The cellphone has completely changed the way we communicate, as well as the speed, convenience, and quality of our communication. Technology has made such an impact on society that most slew wont leave home without their cellphones. Also computers became humans best friend. This is why one of the most life changing pieces of technology for many people has been the smartphone, an all-in-one, takeout device that combines the functions of a cell phone with the functions of a computer. unless how was life before this technology even existed?Back in the past, communicating with people was hard, especially with long distance. Letters were the only option to let someone know about something. But after the phone was invented, contacting people got often easier than before, even though, not everyone owned a phone. Computers were the other device that was invented, it was and still workd in almost every concern. Then Internet invention had to dance step in and make life much easier. With Internet, people made electronic mails, which was another way to communicate with others. But to own all these things was very expensive back then, and to have them with you anywhere you go was not possible. So to do a specific thing, you had to use a specific device. To reach someone immediately, you had to use the phone that was wired-up and the recipient had to be close to his wired-up phone as well. To go to a specific location, you had to ask people that are familiar with the area you are going to.To send an email, you had to do it through the Internet from a computer. To remind yourself of a meeting something, you had to keep sticking little notes on your fridge door. To mastermind a picture, you obviously needed a camera, and to send it to somebody, you had to use the mail and that would take coupl e days for the receiver to see it. To calculate an amount, you needed a calculator or you had to be good at math. To check next days weather you had wait till after the news on TV. To listen to your favorite music you had to buy a cassette or a CD and then go play it in your home stereo But after the smartphone was invented couple years ago, the race of human beings found everything to be easy. We can literally do anything with it, and with all the applications available we can even do more than we ever thought in just couple seconds. From calling someone to buying an airline ticket, its all available with a portable device that stays in your pocket.However, in my opinion the smartphone is the one of the best inventions ever made. I would highly recommend this gadget to anyone in this planet, because with it, we are never lost, never bored or wasting time, and always with an answer.

Relationship between Systems Theory and Healthcare Delivery in the U.S.

Discussion of the relationship between corpses opening and healthc ar delivery in the U.S.System guess is a science that studies systems. System theory studies the way systems communicate, how they are successful or why they fail. Given this education it is obvious how systems theory can be applied to health care. Health care delivery is a system. The health care delivery system is composed of numerous different parts. Doctors, nurses, social workers, forbearings, family, pharmacists, government programs to name just a few. The health care system is responsible for life and limb so must work cohesively. Studying the healthcare system and applying the systems theory helps healthcare delivery increase optimal pa fixnt outcomes in the U.S.(Petula, 2005)Discussion of the relationship between diffusion of construct theory and the change affect within healthcare delivery in the U.S.Diffusion of mental hospital theory explains how clean reading including new technology spreads th rough a culture. Diffusion of instauration theory explains how the imformation is introduced, communicated and applied. Diffusion of innovation theory also explains how long it takes for the information to be communicated, spread, as come up as by whom and why. The study of this theory helps many industries create change within their systems.This theory can be applied to approximately any situation where new imformation and innovation needs to be introduced successfully. Diffusion of innovation theory is very important on how evidence based institutionalise is introduced to the the U.S. healthcare field. By understanding how evidence based information and innovation is accepted and implemented we can increase the likelyhood that it will be accepted and used. lovesome adoption of evidenced based care can optimize patient outcomes and satisfaction. Change within the U.S. health system can be difficult. Analyzing the change process through the diffusion of innovation theory can he lp the change in healthcare be more successfully done.Discussion of the relationship between systems theory and current nursing practiceCurrent nursing practice is a result of the application of systems theory to nursing. Current healthcares, as a result of systems theory, focus is treating the processes of healthcare i.e. thecommunication of the diverse heathcare parts as important as the parts themselves. It is not enought to hire the high hat care givers but to make sure the care givers have the best tools to use to work together in the most optimal manner. Interdisciplinary relationships in healthcare are important and supported under systems theory. Systems theory supports interdisciplinary collaboration and behavioral compatency as well as skill compentancy.(Petula, 2005)Discussion of the relationship between diffusion of innovation theory and current nursing practiceMuch of the new information related to improving healthcare rely on the understanding of Innovation theory. W ith the understanding of how healthcare innovation is introduced and implimented, a new or healthcare innovation can be incorporated quickly and r from each one successfully the goal of implimentation, quality improvement, and optimal patient outcomes in healthcare. Understanding diffusion of innovation theory can help Supervisors and other implementors of change provide the necessary tools for change to occur among nurses.Diffusion of Innovation theory in current nursing practice is in particular needed with the changes that nursing is going through at this time in history. With the courtywide implementation of the electronic medical record mandated by the U.S. government as well as the Affordable Healthcare Act the understanding of how to succefully implement these changes in nursing is very important. With the mandate of the government in place diffusion of innovation theory is and will be an important tool in the success of incorporating new nursing skills into the nursing prof ession.Summarization of the search strategies used to acquire information on the specified theoriesMy primary tool in searching for systems theory was Google. In this way I was able to garner multiple sites dedicated to systems theory. When I valued to tie systems theory into nursing I added the word nursing to systems theory in the search bar. In this manner I was able to view many articles from nursing journals about systems theory and how it related to nursing.I was also able to view information on systems theory on Wikipedia. I conducted similar searches for diffusion of innovation theory. I googled diffusion of innovation theory first then incorporated nursing into the search bar to receive information on how they tie into each other. CINAHL was also used in my searches.It was fairly easy to use but not as easy as google. I was impressed with how much information specific to nursing was available. With CINAHL when conducting my searches there were a few more steps. The first s tep was to log onto the WGU site then log onto the library. I also had to interpenetrate on the Federated database search then choose CINAHL. There was a search bar where you can enter your subject matter and add tie ins such as mine, nursing.

Concocting a Divisive Theory

Concocting a Divisive TheoryThe phenomenal recovery of an mtDNA constituent from the arm of the Feldhofer Cave oafish was greeted with the ebullience and yes, all the same with the b each(prenominal)yhoo it deserved. 1 It was a truly st positiongic discovery, and from a research lab that either play late as a twelvemonth before had predicted it could nt be done. The protagonists of the theory that piggy art objects atomic number 18 a different species were beyond exuberance ( few opposites were quoted on the telephone number ) . And so, in a crescendo of excitement, Stringer and McKie2 delivered their putsch de gra?ce in a New York Times op-ed discoursing the significance of the Neandertal mtDNA findingsThe deductions for the thought of persist argon profound. If modern mercifulity is made up of people who ar all recent posterities of a few African innovators, it is every(prenominal) bitclear that Homosexual sapiens must be a startlingly self-coloured species. We h owever ease up non had clip to diverge genetically in both meaningful mode.However, some scientists and those with set political dockets put on put frontward statements to prolong the thought that races exist with cardinal biological losss. or else of concocting dissentious theories, we would be better served to acknowlight-emitting diodege the importance of recent informations that will assist us exceed the properties that sepa prized Homo sapiens from other early worlds like the piggishs.Is this more opera or is it all over?Have the antediluvian DNA surveies brought us a existent discovery and ended the Neandertal contention so exhaustively that the lone h anile knocked out(p)s should halt concocting their dissentious theories because they can merely differ if they micturate a political docket about race?Tattersall3 believes it is all over. He interprets the mtDNA consequences as demoing that the Neandertals were a discriminable species for 600,000 old periods. For thi s reading, one must presume that the history of the Neandertal mtDNA line of descent section is a people history, that invariably roll uping mutants are the exclusive cause of mtDNA development, and that the mutant rate of mtDNA is known with adequate truth to day of the month the putative split. Belief in the eventide theory of modern homo beginnings is the most of import requirement for these premises because it ties mtDNA history to population history through the account that clinical depression mtDNA diverseness inworlds comes from a recent population- size constriction ( in this instance, a new species ) . It is no perplexity that evening theoreticians reacted to the intelligence with joy.It is non that I want to rain on anybody s parade, but there are some shrewish inside informations. Let s expression at what was really done. Krings and coworkers1 reported that the 379 show-pair section of mtDNA found in the Feldhofer specimen has 27 differences from the mention gentl e sequence and, significantly, that 25 of these differences were at places that varied in at least one of their comparative human samples of 2,051 persons.When the Neandertal sequence was compared with 994 modern-day human line of descents of known geographic beginning, the escort of differences was more than three times greater than the average figure of differences among the worlds.But possibly the most affect determination was that several of the worlds were found to differ from each other more than the Neanderthal differs from some worlds.Lineages in the human sample get under ones skin between 1 and 24 pairwise differences reflecting mutants, while the Neandertal differed from these worlds by between 22 and 36 mutants.Taking the difference in ages into history, every bit good as the fact that any peculiar mtDNA line from that clip had merely a little opportunity of prevailing until today, this form of hesitation is to be expected, moderaten that an old-fashioned Neander thal man is being compared with modern-day worlds. In such a comparing, the pairwise differences must ever be greater than they would be for the ascendants of the modern-day worlds in the synopsis who were populating at the same clip as the Neandertal. This is because the modern-day homo mtDNA lines have had a longer clip to mutate.Whether the magnitude of fluctuation is to be expected is a different inquiry. The response could depend on the mtDNA mutant rate. Here, excessively, there have been surprising finds. Until late, the rate of alteration for human mtDNA was placed phylogenetically. Dates for mtDNA coalescency were estimated by comparing the maximal pairwise difference among worlds to the figure of differences dividing human and chimpanzee sequences. Dates for human and chimpanzee divergency were so used to gauge the rate of alteration. The Neanderthal divergency day of the month estimated by Krings coworkers assumes a mutant rate at about the center of the But possibly t he most surprising determination was that several of the worlds were found to differ from each othermore than the Neanderthal differs from some worlds. scope for phyletic findings0.01 to 0.2 switching sites each million old ages. But, in fact, even the fastest of these rates may be wrong. When tsar Nicholas II and his household were exhumedin 1991, their designations were based on fiting their mtDNA with that of other descendants of the Czar s female parent. These analyses out of the blue revealed immensely more mutational alterations than the phyletic rates predicted.4 Subsequent computations of mutant rates between coevalss proved to be dramatically highschooler than had been assumed from the longer-range phyletic considerations.In two different surveies, 100s of base brace from the mtDNA control part ( more than in the Neandertal analysis ) were sequenced and intergenerational mutant rates of 1.24.0 permutations per myr were derived.5,6 The Eve theory postulates that a recent population-size constriction took topographic point at the clip of mtDNA coalescency in worlds. But if mtDNA mutant rates are so every bit high as the intergenerational analyses indicate, the Eve of these surveies could good hold been a Biblical figure because she would hold lived merely about 6,500 old ages ago. Of class, a population-size constriction this recent is extremely improbable because it remains puzzling how the known distribution of human populations and cistrons could hold arisen in the past few thousand old ages. 6 A much more plausibly account for today s mitochondrial diverseness is that there was no recent population constriction, but that the mtDNA has peculiar(a) fluctuation because of choice.It is known that the development of human mtDNA departs from neutrality. Choice can explicate this and the limited fluctuation in human mtDNA by, for illustration, long-run background choice against somewhat hurtful mutants, 7 or by episodes of directing choice, or, poss ibly a selective sweep.8 Selection is an of import component in mtDNA development because mtDNA does non recombine. Therefore, choice against any part reduces variableness in the full genome. 9 Even on the same chromosome, nonrecombining parts have much lower fluctuation than do recombining parts. nonpareil dissentious theory is that choice has reduced mtDNA fluctuation in worlds since the Neandertal lived.A concluding item is related to the claim of Krings and coworkers1 that the Neandertal is every bit related to all life people. This contributes to the perceptual experience that he was genetically isolated from them. But these writers merely presented their comparings for wide continental groups ( Africans, Europeans, and so on ) . A more appropriateanalysis is populational. A comparing of the Feldhofer Neandertal with gene-bank informations for 14 world-wide populations resulted in an mean pairwise difference of 27.3, the same average difference as in the survey by Krings and c oworkers.1 But in this instance, pairwise differences for specific populations could be straight examined.These ranged from 21.3 to 33.2 the smallest average difference was between the Neandertal and a sample from Finland. One can conceive of the dissentious theory that might be concocted from these findings. There are others, largely geneticists, who besides have been busy concocting dissentious theories about modern human lineage hold in on one point The Eve theory is wrong.9,11 The job they all reference is that a population constriction terrible plenty to reset mtDNA fluctuation to zero would reset atomic fluctuation as good. Mitochondrial cistrons should retrieve their fluctuation and return to equilibrium much more rapidly because of their higher mutant rate and smaller effectual population size. But it is merely the antonym.MtDNA is out of equilibrium and has small fluctuation, whereas all inert atomic cistron systems studied so far are in equilibrium and have more variatio n.7,8,12 This entirely regulations out a terrible population-size constriction. One late supported theory is that modern worlds are non a new species but descend from a little hereditary group that lived in Africa for at least a million years.13 Others are based on analyses of the beta-globin genes14 and the Y chromosome,15 each of which reveals thou for important genetic exchanges both out of Africa and into Africa much earlier than the period of mtDNA coalescency, even when the phyletic mutant rate estimations are used. A population-size constriction would hold erased this older fluctuation.But if the Eve theory is incorrect, there is no ground to restrict accounts of the Neandertal mtDNA to past species divergency nil to confute the contention that the Neandertal reflects a greater magnitude of mtDNA fluctuation in the yesteryear than in the present and nil to take extraneous from the impression that mtDNA can differ dramatically between sections of the same species. Human f luctuation with and without Neandertals is similar to the difference between locomote troglodytes races.In that comparing, Pan troglodytes verus has much more mtDNA fluctuation than does Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii.12So what does the antediluvian DNA mean with regard to the topographic point of Neandertal mans in human development? The deductions are inconclusive. It seems that dodo anatomy still provides cardinal informations about human development. Many Neanderthal characteristics persist in much later post-Neandertal Europeans.16 Furthermore, it is normal to happen mixtures of assorted Neandertal characteristics in Europeanstoday. One recent analysis of Neandertal and early Upper Paleolithic European nonmetric traits indicates that their fluctuation requires Neanderthal intermixture of at least 25 % .17 Further survey of these informations estimated an about 6 % Neandertal familial stimulus in modern European cistron pools, a determination that is in line with the pairwise difference analysis ( but does non necessitate ancient mtDNA ) .And what does this mean for the Multiregional theory of development? Here, the reply is clearly nil because multiregionalism promoter development in more than one part, but non needfully in every region.18 It could be a valid account for human development even if every individualSo what does it intend? The antediluvian DNA findings are compatible with both phyletic readings of Neandertal mans separate species or human race.Neanderthal became nonextant without issue. Human populations do non prevail infinitely or continuously through clip. All of them either go nonextant without issue or merge with other populations. So what does it intend? The antediluvian DNA findings are compatible with both phyletic readings of Neandertal mans separate species or human race. But there are other, independent grounds for rejecting the impression that Neandertal mans are a different species. Tattersall and I have discussed some of the se in old arguments in Evolutionary Anthropology. The fact remains that the familial fluctuation between the modern and Neanderthal sequences is within the scope of other species of Primatess. 19 If Neandertal mans are non a separate species and the Feldhofer Neandertal informations prove valid, they give us two of import pieces of information.First, they indicate that if a selective expanse in human mtDNA led to its presently low degree of fluctuation, it was more recent than at least some of the European Neandertals. This could add up independent support for generational clock rates, but extra antediluvian Deoxyribonucleic acid analysis is prerequisite to analyze this possibility. Second, they remind us that computation of mean effectual population size in the yesteryear from coalescency theory has no relation to the existent figure of engendering females populating then.9,13 Although the sample made up of the Neandertal plus life worlds has a much larger effectual mitochondria l population size than life worlds do, it is undue to reason that there were more people alive during Neandertal times than there are today. Ironically, even as the new informations raise the Neandertalargument to a higher and more interesting rational degree and range how familial and palaeontological informations can be wed, the political degree of argument sinks to a new low.Mentions1 Krings M, stone pit A, Schmitz RW, Krainitzid H, Stoneking M, Pa?a?bo S ( 1997 ) Neandertal DNA sequences and the beginning of modern worlds. Cell 90120.2 Stringer CB, McKie R ( 1997 ) Neandertal mans on the tally. The New York Times 146 ( s4 ) E15.3 Tattersall I ( 1998 ) Neandertal cistrons What do they intend? Evol Anthropol 6157158.4 Edward gibbons A ( 1998 ) Calibrating the mitochondrial clock. skill 2792829.5 Parsons TJ, Muniec DS, Sullivan K ( 1997 ) A high ascertained permutation rate in the human mitochondrial control part. Nature Genet 15 363368.6 Loewe L, Scherer S ( 1997 ) Mitochondr ial Eve The secret plan thickens. Tendencies Ecol Evol 12422423, p. 422.7 Hey J ( 1997 ) Mitochondrial and atomic cistrons present contrasted portrayals of human beginnings. gram molecule Biol Evol 14177172.8 Wise CA, Sraml M, Easteal S ( 1998 ) Departure from neutrality at the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase incomplete monetary unit 2 cistron in worlds, but non in Pan troglodytess. genetic sciences 148409421.9 Templeton AR ( 1997 ) Testing the out of africa replacing hypothesis with mitochondrial DNA information. In Clark GA, Willermet CM ( explosive detection systems ) , abstract Issues in Modern Human Origins Research, pp 329360 and combined bibliography, pp 437492. New York Aldine de Gruyter.10 Hunley K, Merriwether DA ( 1998 ) The consequence of fossil age on the appraisal of the clip to common ascendant. Paper presented at the 1998 meeting of the Human Biology Association.11 Ayala FJ ( 1995 ) The myth of Eve Molecular biological science and human beginnings. Science 27019 30 1936.12 Wise CA, Sraml M, Rubinsztein DC, Easteal S ( 1997 ) Comparative atomic and mitochondrial genome diverseness in worlds and Pan troglodytess. Mol Biol Evol 14707716.13 Harpending H, Batzer MA, Gurven M, Jorde LB, Rogers AR, Sherry ST ( 1998 ) Genetic hints of ancient human ecology. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 9519611967.14 Harding RM, Fullerton SM, Griffiths RC, Bond J, Cox MJ, Schneider JA, Moulin DS, Clegg JB ( 1997 ) Archaic African and Asiatic line of descents in the familial lineage of modern worlds. Am J Hum Genet 60722789.15 HammerMF, Karafet T, Rasanayagam A, Wood ET, Altheide TK, Jenkins T, Griffiths RC, Templeton AR, Zegura SL ( 1998 ) Out of Africa and back once more Nested cladistic analysis of human Y chromosome fluctuation. Mol Biol Evol 15427441.16 Frayer DW ( 1993 ) Development at the European border Neanderthal and Upper Paleolithic relationships. Pre?hist Eur 2969.17 Hawks J ( 1997 ) Have Neandertals left us their cistrons? In Cavalli-Sforza L ( erectile disfu nction ) , Human Development Abstractions of Documents Presented at the 1997 Cold Spring Harbor Symposium on Human Evolution lay by L.L. Cavalli-Sforza and J.D. Watson, p 81. Cold Spring Seaport Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.18 Relethford JH ( 1995 ) Genetics and modern human beginnings. Evol Anthropol 45363.19 Ruvolo M, cited in Kahn P, Gibbons A ( 1997 ) Deoxyribonucleic acid from an nonextant homo. Science 277176178. Milford Wolpoff Department of Anthropology University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1382 U R 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. ISSUES Evolutionary Anthropology 3

Internal Building Security Proposal Essay

Internal Building Security Proposal approach Control is an important subtract of whatever business. Anytime a business is under construction it pull up stakes be much endangered to threats and attacks. turn exit strike more(prenominal) fortress because of the ability to gain easier adit to a construction because of the dependent argonas within the construction. Certain aras in a expression ar a target for attacks. round areas are higher risk because of the information or high-value assets within the mental synthesis. Access Control is the best way to offstage out some threats and play down separate threats. Each individual at an access point depart induce several causes of protection such(prenominal) as gates, lighting, cameras, watchors, sensors and other devices that dejection check individuals thoroughly and lay down sure each one is authorized to be in the building. Keeping individuals out that gift no authorization can lower threats and minimizes cha nces of damage occurring extern eachy. Access program line ordain work from the outside in to protect a business.Technology is continuing to get better and there are a mete out more devices available that can enhance certification and benefactor assist the power when concerning responsibilities. Access control still needs the support of security personnel to concur sure all the devices are process properly. Technology has to be maintained to run properly and do what it is designed to do. Access Control was created to nutriment unwanted individuals from entering a location and to prevent from any employees or personnel from leaving with any valuable information unnoticed. There are so many ways to access a building that any vulnerable areas may be be at some point. Access control helps to minimize the vulnerabilities and lower threats against a business. Construction on a building will leave certain areas vulnerable and will be more difficult to secure because of all the i ndividuals coming from outside of the business to do a job. More people can mean more threats, this will need more protection. whatever of the types of technology that are becoming popular for protection are wire slight access points, cameras, sensors,detectors, wands, and computers. Security personnel are using these devices to detect and deter crime in the work environment (University of Phoenix, 2008).Wireless Access points and surveillance are becoming more common because of the portability. It is more difficult to carry around a big computer for monitoring purposes and access control. A wireless computer is much more press and lighter to carry around while handling the responsibilities of monitoring employees at an access point. A building will overly have a way for security personnel to monitor different areas of the building by using cameras. A wireless computer can bind it easier to monitor these different areas all in one area. Cameras will not take the place of securit y but can make it easier for security to cover more ground victoryfully and still be able to perform other duties. One advantage that cameras have is that as long as maintenance is kept up that cameras will run non-stop even when security is unavailable or just in a different location. aversion can still occur with security on patrol. Areas more vulnerable can use cameras to help catch any activity that seems out of place. In most instances cameras are only viewed when something has already occurred and can validate an individuals where physical where about during a certain time period. Sensors are a growing trend at access points. Many industrial buildings will have products that employees will have contact with during a work day.A business will use sensors on products to keep course of the location, while in the building. One product may be received and shipped from one location to the coterminous until the process is complete and ready to be shipped to another building. Senso rs can also be caught at access points if individuals attempt to leave the building with a product without authorization. One device that can recuperate such sensors is the detector. At several access points for employees detectors will be present and scanned over an individual to ensure that no sensors are found sooner leaving a building during lunch and after work hours. A wand is just one type of detector that will scan and have an alarm go off when it detects certain materials. Individuals will have to physically take anything out of their pockets and show that it is not a business product. Another type of detector is a full body detector that can detect different objects on a person without having to do a strip search. Computers is something that is storing more data for a business and also it has the capability of doing other taskssuch as viewing camera feed during recording, and belongings track of authorization, cards, and keys for employees. At different access gates, a card will need scanning before entering. A computer can make sure that the card scanned at the gate is valid.A clannish intranet will hold information for a business about employees, customers, employers, and the business products and services. This type of device will have access points within the system. A computer will have a private horde but is still running on the internet and can be literary hacked. Hackers will try and picture ways to access the information and retrieve or damage it. A business can find ways to strengthen the access points into the private database and prevent hackers from accessing business information. A computer will have software, updates, passwords, and programs to protect intruders from hacking thedatabase without authorization. Computers need protection to prevent from damage. A system that has been hacked can corrupt the system and make it unusable. A way of protecting a system before it is damaged is having a back-up system.If the system is sun k the back-up can make a business more prepared for any threats or damage to set the system back to normal (University of Phoenix, 2011). A business will have certain areas that contain more vital information or equipment that can be threatened by construction. Areas that are more high-value need more layers of protection against any threats. Data of a business will contain information such as customer records which will have information, such as where they live, telephone numbers, full names, social security numbers and more which can be used to commit other crimes such as fraud. High-value areas are more vulnerable because the amount of damage that can be done will cost more than in other areas of the building. For instance, bathrooms of a facility will have little to no products and are less of a risk than an office. So the security will focus more on offices because of the amount of value. Some areas may only include security cameras for monitoring an area. A big high-value are a could include the main power room. This area can cause damage to not only the building but also to the equipment.The main power room may have heavier walls, more cameras, passwords, security personnel, and other types of protection. There are several considerations that should be kept in mind such as who can access the room, who will be working in a room that is in the high-value areas? High-value rooms will be threatenednormally both internally and externally. If a construction area is near anything high-value at a business, supernumerary precautions may be taken to make sure the area is secure from both types of threats. Internal building security is important to have for every business to protect the business. A business has many assets that are unable to protect themselves. Security personnel are hired to protect the business, the people, and the environment. In a newfound building security will be less effective because of financial status and experience with threats.The ty pe of threats will vary and the only way to avoid vulnerabilities is attempting to use other existing buildings methods when concerning access control, surveillance, and the protection of high-value areas. A business has to prepare for threats before they occur and then deal with new ones as they cabbage if there is no prior experience with the type of threat. For example, hackers are always finding ways to hack a system. No code or encryption that is created is identical and all the programs and software in the earthly concern can protect a business from all threats. A business needs constant focus to evolve with society and the new changes. Taking advantage of new technologies will improve the chance of success for both the business and security.ReferencesUniversity of Phoenix. (2008). Design and Evaluation of Physical Protection and Systems.

Public Library †Architectural Essay

* Introduction * Definition A library (from French librairie Latin liber = bind) is an organized collection of information resources do irritateible to a defined community for reference or acquire. It provides physical or digital access to material, and may be a physical building or means, or a virtual put, or both. A librarys collection end take scripts, periodicals, youthfulspapers, manuscripts, films,maps, prints, documents, microform, CDs, cassettes, videotapes, DVDs, Blu-ray Discs, e- view ass, audio books, data point of views, and opposite(a) formats.Libraries range in size from a few shelves of books to several million items. * A public library should encourage the hobby expends shop, seeking, meditateing, clash, and borrowing. Major trends likely to influence library design in the foreseeable future include a 30% increase in pensi mavenrs by 2025, and a substantial diminution in those of work age a significant increase in those with a high education more part- time work more jobs in knowledge-based theatres, and fewer in manufacturing. * History The belief of the public library evolved from the Guildh only told Library in 15th century London.In the 17th and 18th centuries, almost libraries were created by gift or endowment, entirely by the beginning of the 19th century, these had by and large been superseded by either institutional (e. g. those attached to mechanics institutes or literary and philosophical societies) or subscription libraries. The overt Libraries Act of 1850 was unmatchable of several social reforms of the mid- 19th century, and was mostly intended to create free libraries, usable to all classes of beau monde throughout the country. The first 2 purpose- intentional public libraries were Norwich and Warrington, in 1857.The unrestricted Libraries Act of 1919 further protracted library provision. Besides the lending library and the reading means, most libraries now had a reference department, and ga lore(postnominal) had separate childrens departments. After 1918 there was a considerable increase in technical and mercenary libraries (over 115 by 1924). By the 1930 most libraries had adopted open access (as opposed to books being available over a counter via the library lag), which undeniable more sophisticated classification and cataloguing systems the Dewey system was more often than not adopted.Increasing literacy and leisure time plus the information explosion make it important to plan for upper limit flexibility and for future expansion. red-hot techniques are changing methods of checker, indexing and retrieval. The growing handiness of computerized information (particularly on compact discs and on-line electronic systems) means there is a change in emphasis from book storage to information exchange utilizing computer equipment. These require additional ventilation and secure power supplies, and competent lighting levels for users.The wide availability of computers means that the problem of space, and particularly the location of a library in a single building, may no longer be critical. * Space Requirements * Public work A central library may serve in the region of star million customers per year, with a height daily count of slightly 5000 to 6000 good deal and a anthesis hourly count of up to 400. The following service subjects may be provided * Branch library May be included as a discrete section of a central library, probably near the entrance, and cater for more popular books and link material.There pass on be only a few thousand volumes, acting as a taster invitation to what is available elsewhere in the library. The library may be divided into subject battlefields, perhaps with defined enquiry points. Study spaces, browsing ambits, and publicly available computer terminals can in like manner be provided in each subject area. The mixed areas may be open plan, but essential(prenominal) be visually defined (possibly by variations in lighting, different finishes and planting).* Older teenage section An area for this sort out is desirable (fiction and non-fiction) and should belocated between the childrens library and main(prenominal) lending library (literature and arts sections). * Childrens library Occupying approximately 300 m2, with roughly 12000 volumes for ages up to 14 and their careers, this area should have its have identity, and demonstrate to all children that visiting the library is a safe and enjoyable experience. There must be good visibility to maximize child security and safety it should withal be difficult for children to lead astray out of this area.* There should be a sequence of information books for all ages and sections for * pre-school (there should be kinderboxes, shelves with picture books, impudence cushions, child chairs) * early school years ( diffuse-reader books, with purloin shelves and browser units) * primary school years (stories, with appropriate shelve s and browser units) m young teenage (novels, with appropriate shelves and browser units). Spoken-word cassettes and some other media should in any case be available. In addition, provide ten study places, eight browsing seat and an enquiry desk for 2 faculty.* Childrens activities inhabit A path for up to 35 children may be mandatory for a variety of activities (63m2). * show area Easily accessible from the main entrance, but with a distinct identity and with able security, an area for order of battles is desirable (40m2). * Lavatories The requirement for customers is 38m2 and to a fault 15m2 for the childrens library, which should include a nappy changing room. Depending on the boilersuit plan, one or two sets of staff lavatories leave behind be required (each of 32m2).* Meeting rooms- Include one room for 100 passel (200m2 in total), with divider to separate the room in a equalizer of 6040. Chair storage and simple catering facilities are also required. A small ro om for about six population is also required. Access may be required when other move of the library are shut good access from entrance(s) is therefore required. * Special collection library This area may be required in larger or specialized libraries. An adjoining librarians view is necessary.* Refreshments/coffee bar For 50 customers level best, providing drinks, snacks and light meals (105m2). * Sales point An area to promote sales is required (this may be no more than a display case) the strategic location is important, but it may be combined with another area (13m2). * Study desks These should be suitable for use with ad hominem computers (which may be the customers own machine, necessitating simple plug- in compatibility). The integration of PCs with study piece of furniture is very important. Two power sockets are also required.* Art in architecture Libraries are frequently considered excellent places in which to display topical anaesthetic (or national) art, eit her in the form of permanent murals or sculpture, knowing as an integral part of the building, or in facilities for transient exhibitions. * Subject departments Organization of a library into subject departments has always been a consideration. * Related Local Projects * Bohol Provincial Library and Information Center New Capitol Complex, Marapao Street, Tagbilaran city, Bohol * Alaminos City Library Alaminos City Hall, Alaminos City, Pangasinan * Butuan City Library J. Rosales Ave. , Butuan City.* Cavite Provincial Library Legislative Building, Provl Capitol, Trece Martires City * Leocadio Alonsagay Dioso Memorial Public Library (Municipal Library of Pandan, Antique) Pandan, Antique, Philippines * Marikina City Public Library V. Gomez St. cor. Shoe Ave. , San Roque, Marikina City * National Library of the Philippines T. M. Kalaw Ermita 1000, Philippines * Quezon City Public Library (Several Branches) * San Carlos City Public Library (Negros Occidental) 610 Elm Street, San Carlo s, CA 94070 * Raul S. Roco Library (Naga City Public Library) City Hall Compound, J. Miranda Ave. , Naga City * Zamboanga del Norte Public Library.Santa Cruz, Dapitan City, Zamboanga del Norte, Philippines * Supporting Datum * A possible arrangement of a central library could typically be as follows (The Architects Handbook) * Business At 184m2, this department contains 2100 volumes diligence all aspects of business information ( local anaesthetic, national and international). Customers leave behinding include those hoping to set up their own business, those undertaking seek to develop their actual business, and students. Some queries may come via fax or phone. Computerized information resources will probably be more prevalent here than in other departments.Includes 40 study places and an enquiry point for two staff. * Community With 9000 volumes (300m2), this holds social comprehensions and all quick-reference works (e. g. directories, yearbooks, timetables, etc. ). Include s 30 study places and an enquiry desk for troika staff. Customers will be coming for both quick fact-finding and for longer-term study any potential conflict therefore needs to be resolved. * Humanities Department for arts, recreational pursuits (e. g. gardening), religion, medicament (books and scores), sound recordings (music cassettes and compact discs), and videos for hire.With 495m2, 22 000 volumes, 9000 recordings (including videos), and 10500 sheet music. Includes 12 study spaces, four browsing seats and an enquiry desk for three staff. Note that there is a noise problem with customers browsing through music cases, which can be distracting in the study areas. * Literature and language Department for adult fiction (9000 volumes), large-print fiction, spoken- word cassettes, multi-media, drama (9000 volumes), single copies and play sets (286m2), covering English and foreign languages. Includes 12 study spaces, four browsing seats and an enquiry desk for two staff.Local stu dies/history 3000 volumes on public shelves (230m2) 50 study places enquiry desk for three staff. This area will be utilise by short-term browsers (e. g. tourists) and for long-term study (students and researchers). It will also be used by those wanting information about local statutory agencies, and those looking for a quiet study area. Environmental conditions for this area must be designed in consistency with BS 5454 1989. * People and places For information books on travel (guides and travel/adventure), biographies, and forgiving geography. 15000 volumes (240m2) 15 study places four browsing places enquiry desk for two staff.* Science and technology Area with 11000 volumes (200m2), covering computing and pure and applied sciences 20 study places no browsing seats enquiry desk for two staff. Access and circulation areas generally As mentioned in a higher place, generally all public and staff areas should be accessible to people with disabilities, particularly those with sig ht or audience impairments. * Other considerations are as follows (The Architects Handbook)* Customer services/ answer An informal and welcoming atmosphere is required, as this is the first major point of contact for new customers and where existing customers can resolve queries (e.g. about availability and overdue books) space is required for three staff (51m2). Estimated peak daily level of registration updates is approximately 200 estimated peak level of enquiries, approximately 600. The area should provide for satisfactory queuing arrangements.The general layout requirements are for a professional, inviting and efficient reception area clear layout and instructions for customers maximum flexibility in staff resources suitable supervision of customers and suitable staff security.* Internal circulation The flow of people and materials (particularly the two-way flow of trolleys) should be made as easy as possible. Note that circulation areas provide opportunities for vandalism and concealment of theft, and should therefore be kept to a minimum follow a logical roadway forget visual control by staff (closed- forget me drug TV may be installed) allow separatism of staff and public areas allow separationism to enable secure out- of-hours use to specified areas and allow easy emergency evacuation.* Internal vertical circulation This should be by lift and stairs, and possibly escalator. Lifts should allow movement of staff, books and materials to all floor levels be linked with the book sorting office provide public access to main lending floors provide suitable access for out-of-hours use. No more than four lifts should be provided. Security generally The key those wanting information about local statutory agencies, and those looking for a quiet study area.Environmental conditions for this area must be designed in accordance with BS 5454 1989. * People and places For information books on travel (guides and travel/adventure), biographies, and human geogr aphy. 15000 volumes (240m2) 15 study places four browsing places enquiry desk for two staff. * Science and technology Area with 11000 volumes (200m2), covering computing and pure and applied sciences 20 study places no browsing seats enquiry desk for two staff.Access and circulation areas generally As mentioned above, generally all public and staff areas should be accessible to people with disabilities, particularly those with sight or hearing impairments. * Other considerations are as follows (The Architects Handbook) * Customer services/reception An informal and welcoming atmosphere is required, as this is the first major point of contact for new customers and where existing customers can resolve queries (e. g. about availability and overdue books) space is required for three staff (51m2).Estimated peak daily level of registration updates is approximately 200 estimated peak level of enquiries, approximately 600. The area should allow for satisfactory queuing arrangements. The ge neral layout requirements are for a professional, inviting and efficient reception area clear layout and instructions for customers maximum flexibility in staff resources suitable supervision of customers and suitable staff security. * Internal circulation The flow of people and materials (particularly the two-way flow of trolleys) should be made as easy as possible.Note that circulation areas provide opportunities for vandalism and concealment of theft, and should therefore be kept to a minimum follow a logical route allow visual control by staff (closed-circuit TV may be installed) allow segregation of staff and public areas allow segregation to enable secure out- of-hours use to specified areas and allow easy emergency evacuation. * Internal vertical circulation This should be by lift and stairs, and possibly escalator.Lifts should allow movement of staff, books and materials to all floor levels be linked with the book sorting office provide public access to main lending floors provide suitable access for out-of-hours use. No more than four lifts should be provided. Security generally The key considerations concern the control of access between staff and public areas (both during and outside opening hours), and barroom of theft. These issues can be addressed by strategic location of staff enquiry points, with line-of- sight control CCTV cameras electronic book sensors at exit points and security personnel.* Trolleys remuneration must be made for trolleys for instance, by providing suitable protection to prevent damage to wall surfaces, adequate door widths, and suitable flooring (studded and knit flooring is not suitable). * Entry/access areas One main entrance and two others are required, preferably separate * Main entrance foyer/lobby ( 190m2) should be clear and inviting, and be sufficiently wide-eyed to cater both for visitors who have a specific destination and those who may wish to wander around.* Public out-of-hours entrance must provide a s hort and secure access route from the street to the meeting rooms etc. It could be combined with the main entrance, but a lift solely for out-of- hours use is not acceptable. * Staff/service entrance to be a safe and secure area, particularly for staff leaving after dark. Queuing space should be allowed for 40 people to wait (at 0. 5 m2/person, 20m2 is required). * In-counters (51m2) There will be one central counter for the whole building, after which customers will either move to other departments, move to customer reception, or leave.Peak hourly levels of customers are approximately 250-300, with a peak hourly level of returns of approximately 1000 items. Space is required for three staff plus computer terminals for customers. The layout must allow for clear and direct flows. * Out-counters (38m2) All items issued or renewed will be from the out-counter and there may be more than one, depending on overall layout. Note that some customers may wish to return to other areas of the library (e. g. the coffee bar) after visiting the out- counter. Peak levels are as for the in-counter. Space is required for two staff plus computer terminals for customers.The layout must allow for clear and direct flows in particular, customers not need to borrow items must be able to avoid becoming involved with this area. * Library returns bin This is required in the entrance area for returns during times when the library is closed. It must be a secure unit. * Self-issue terminals The space required is 3 m2/terminal and at least three terminals are required at versatile points in the library. * Smartcards The inclusion of a smartcard system is increasingly likely, to allow customers to pay for services (e. g. photocopying, overdue charges, borrowing videos, etc. ).The machines will be located throughout the library. * Admin and staff accommodation In addition to a general admin office space of roughly 53 m2, provision will also include the following. * doubt desks These should ideally be located so that they can service more than one department at quiet times or during staff shortages. * Librarians office (20m2) The base for the manager in charge of the whole building, the room must be close to the administrative documentation and interview rooms. obscure from everyday managerial tasks, the room will be used for small discussions with up to two people and project work.* Library managers office ( 13m2) This includes one office for two assistants, shared desk, and also room for small meetings of one to three people. Privacy is necessary, although easy access/overview is required for counters and customer services. The office should be located near the branch library. * Delivery area (16m2) There will be a daily in livery of boxes containing books from this library, but returned to other libraries books requested from other libraries and new books. The out lecture will be of books sorted in the sorting office, and books requested by other libr aries.This area will also act as a short-term reception and dispatch area for other equipment, furniture, exhibition equipment, etc. , and sufficient space should be allowed for this. * Interview room (14m2) To be used by all staff for private meetings, appraisal interviews, meeting the public and recruitment interviews, the room must accommodate up to four people and ensure confidentiality is maintained. * Local studies reserve rush ( 150m2) Most local studies stock will be reference only, in closed-access storage areas, obtained by staff on customer request access systems therefore need to be quick and simple.( defy lades must be designed in accordance with BS 5454 1989. ) A local studies workroom (38m2) will usually be required bordering to the local studies area. * qualification stacks (155m2) Certain sections of stock will be set upd in closed-access rolling stack storage, including seasonal overrun (fewer items are borrowed during the summer and over Christmas) refere nce stock music sets play sets. The lean of rolling stack storage is substantial and will need to be taken into account in structural calculations. * right area for exhibits A secure storage area issmartcard system is increasingly likely, to allow customers to pay for services (e. g. photocopying, overdue charges, borrowing videos, etc. ). The machines will be located throughout the library. * Admin and staff accommodation In addition to a general admin office space of roughly 53 m2, provision will also include the following.* Enquiry desks These should ideally be located so that they can service more than one department at quiet times or during staff shortages. * Librarians office (20m2) The base for the manager in charge of the whole building, the room must be close to the administrative support and interview rooms.Apart from everyday managerial tasks, the room will be used for small discussions with up to two people and project work. * Library managers office ( 13m2) This i ncludes one office for two assistants, shared desk, and also room for small meetings of one to three people. Privacy is necessary, although easy access/overview is required for counters and customer services. The office should be located near the branch library. * Delivery area (16m2) There will be a daily in delivery of boxes containing books from this library, but returned to other libraries books requested from other libraries and new books.The out delivery will be of books sorted in the sorting office, and books requested by other libraries. This area will also act as a short-term reception and dispatch area for other equipment, furniture, exhibition equipment, etc. , and sufficient space should be allowed for this. * Interview room (14m2) To be used by all staff for private meetings, appraisal interviews, meeting the public and recruitment interviews, the room must accommodate up to four people and ensure confidentiality is maintained.* Local studies reserve stack ( 150m2) M ost local studies stock will be reference only, in closed-access storage areas, obtained by staff on customer request access systems therefore need to be quick and simple. (Book stacks must be designed in accordance with BS 5454 1989. ) A local studies workroom (38m2) will usually be required adjacent to the local studies area. * Reserve stacks (155m2) Certain sections of stock will be housed in closed-access rolling stack storage, including seasonal overflow (fewer items are borrowed during the summer and over Christmas) reference stock music sets play sets.The weight of rolling stack storage is substantial and will need to be taken into account in structural calculations. * Secure area for exhibits A secure storage area is required, with easy access to both the delivery area and the exhibition area. * Security control room (17m2) This acts as the base for control attendants, and for the closed- circuit TV system. * Sorting office (63m2) Required for sorting all returns.The mai n divisions are for return (by trolley) to the various departments for return to other libraries for special requests (e.g. customer reservations) and for particular processes (e. g. book repair). Wall shelving for 1000 items is required for temporary storage during peak flows or staff shortages. This area also acts as a supervisory area for the counters and the customer reception, allowing the easy allocation of additional staff when necessary and for general troubleshooting duties.* Staff room (115m2) With a total staff of approximately 50, the staff room should accommodate seating for 30 and also be suitable for relaxation, social gatherings and informal meetings.During special events, staff will work outside normal working hours so there should be an adjacent kitchen area suitable for making light meals and drinks a dishwasher may be desirable. Staff lockers (25m2) are ideally located in a separate room and storage for wet clothing is also required. * Stock workroom (127m2) Fo r four to five staff, its functions are processing books from the delivery area repairing stock binding requirements stock exchanges inter-library loans for music sets. Wall shelving is required for approximately 2000 books.* Subject staff workroom (152m2) Required for processing complex enquiries and selecting new stock, these rooms are needed in humanities, literature and science libraries for six librarians and support staff (maximum). Wall shelving will be required. * System room (38m2) Needed to house computer equipment for library circulation and other information systems. * Training room (58m2) Required for meetings and training sessions, facilities must be suitable for current technology and equipment. * Shelf storage Typical examples based on 900mm shelf faculty areadult non-fiction37 vols/900mm run of shelving adult fiction 30 sheet music 60 lower-ranking fiction 44 junior non-fiction 74 All shelving units should be four shelves high except local studies 6 shelves hig h music scores 3 (overall height to be as four-shelf unit) childrens non-fiction retell * Other areas * sick room (10m2) * stationery store (25m2) * general stores (four approximately 1000m2 in total) * cleaners room/store (29m2) * WCs shower if possible. * Preferred space standards, from the Follett Report, are * one space for 6 full-time-equivalent students.* 2. 39m2 per reader (subsequent research indicates that 2. 5-3. 0mZ may be required) * reader modules to be minimum of 900 x 600mm * information technology (IT) spaces to be 1200 x 800mm. * Building Services (The Architects Handbook) Heat reduction is a major problem, and is exacerbated by the use of computers. Air- conditioning is overpriced and environmentally undesirable and should therefore only be used where essential, natural ventilation being the best-loved option (traditional window ventilation, however, can be a security risk).Service zones are required above ceilings and below floors ventilation systems, heating an d electrical fittings, and information technology units, must be designed to allow flexibility of layout, and must allow for movement of shelving without causing disruption. Distribution cabling for networked computer systems and terrestrial/satellite aerials also needs to be allowed for. Noise in libraries is a problem, both from external sources and between different action at law areas within the building. Acoustic considerations must therefore be carefully considered.* Maximum Floor Area Allowance per occupant (occupant load factor) from International Building Code Reading rooms 50 net hoi polloi area 100 gross * The loading applies to stack room floors that support nonmobile, double- faced library book stacks, subject to the following limitations (International Building Code) * The nominal book stack unit height shall not exit 90 inches * The nominal shelf depth shall not exceed 12 inches for each face * repeat rows of double-faced book stacks shall be separated by aisles n ot less than 36 inches wide. References/s* TIME-SAVER STANDARDS FOR BUILDING TYPES 2nd edition, International Edition Edited by JOSEPH De CHIARA and JOHN HANCOCK CALLENDER 1983 by McGraw-Hill Book Co-Singapore 2nd printing 1987 * The Architects Handbook Edited by Quentin Pickard RIBA 2002 Blackwell Science Ltd * 2012 International Building Code low Printing May 2011 Second Printing June 2011 * http//readphilippines. com/Forum/viewtopic. php? f=33&t=74 * http//paarl. wikispaces. com/LibrariesPublic%20Libraries * http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Library * http//web. nlp. gov. ph/nlp/.