Human Relations Essay

Child development refers to an individuals climb on from birth to adulthood. There ar several changes that top in a normal persons life span-physical, cognitive and psychosocial (Fitch, 1999, p. 9). The three unionise the domains of baby bird development. Physical development refers to the changes that occur in the individuals body, such as height, weight, sensory and motor abilities, as well as the hormonal changes (p. 9). On the other hand, cognitive development alludes to the intellectual changes that occur as children develop (p. 9). As children grow, they start to develop attitudes about themselves and their surroundings.As they continue to search for their identity, their psychosocial development also unfolds. There argon several(predicate) theories that tackle child development. St era theories are theories that concentrate on developmental levels that are quantitatively different from other levels (p. 40). Quantitative, in this sense, means that severally developmental level is a progression, an integration of previous port and study (p. 40). Furthermore, the progression from one spot to another is discontinuous, indicating that it follows a fixed rate (pp. 40-41).Theorists who subscribe the represent theories of child development believe that all stages are universal (p. 41). There are three major theorists in child development Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget. Sigmund Freud is considered the bring forth of psychoanalysis (Thornton, 2006). Psychoanalysis is a proficiency develop by Freud that is used to uncover the unconscious (Morris and Maisto, 2002, p. 15). A medical exam doctor by profession, Freud was particularly interested in the central skittish system (p. 14). In his life of work, he found that most diseases are psychological in nature, rather than physiological.Thus, he came to the conclusion that human port is driven by the unconscious instincts (p. 446). He believed that the unconscious instincts are zippy in an individuals survival. Moreover, he accentuated the importance of internal instincts as the most important element in spirit development. Personality, according to Freud, is developed around three structures the id, the ego, and the superego (Fitch, 1999, p. 41). The id is guided by the pleasure principles, ego, the reality principle, and superego, the chaste principle (p. 41).These structures are crucial in Freuds theory of psychosexual development, or his perceptive on child development. There are quintuplet stages in Freuds Psychosexual Theory, each stage involving some levels of sexual energy. According to Freud, as children go through each stage, their personality is being developed. However, when a child undergoes traumatic experiences, the sexual energy that should have been at that particular stage may be affected, resulting in what Freud termed as fastener (Larsen and Buss, 2005, p. 47). Fixation may later clue to immaturity and certain personality traits.In the oral stage (birth to 18 months), the infants concentre of gratification is the mouth (Morris and Maisto, 2002, p. 448). During this stage, the infants id is dominant, especially because the infant has besides to differentiate the self and the environment (Larsen and Buss, 2005, p. 47). The infant obtains oral pleasure by sucking, chewing and biting (Morris and, p. 448). Infants who receive too much pleasure volition grow into optimistic adults those who receive little will turn into violent adults (p. 448).During the anal stage (18 months to 3 ? ears), the childs primary character reference of sexual pleasure is the anus (Morris and Maisto, 2002, p. 448). In this stage, the childs ego is kickoff to differentiate from his/ her id and the child starts to establish self-sufficiency (Larsen and Buss, 2005, p. 47). The child starts to learn excrement and he/ she derives sexual pleasure from holding in and expelling bowel movement (p. 448). This is also the sequence when toilet cook ing begins. Strict toilet training may result in children throwing tantrums, which according to Freud will runway them into unsafe adults (p. 448).The third stage- phallic stage, occurs after the child reaches three years of age (Morris and Maisto, 2002, p. 448). In this stage, both boys and girls seek pleasure from manipulating their genitals (p. 448). Interestingly, children rifle sexually attracted to opposite-sex parent (Larsen and Buss, 2005, p. 48). Freud calls this the Oedipus and Electra complex (p. 448). The former refers to the Greek mythological character that kills his dumbfound and marries his mother (p. 448). The latter refers to the somewhat possessive love that girls display toward their father while feeling jealous of their mothers (p. 48).The childs superego is also get-go to take control, as the child starts to take notice of his/ her parents values as well as that of the society. Fixation in this stage may lead to vanity and egotism in later life. Or it may lead to the opposite, wherein the individual becomes withdrawn, shy and has low self-esteem (p. 448). When the child reaches 6 up until he/she reaches puberty, the child goes into a latency stage. During this period, sexual development is at a standstill (Larsen and Buss, 2002, p. 51).The child loses interest in sexual behavior and instead begins focusing on learning skills that will help him/her become responsible citizens in the society (p. 510. ). At puberty, the child reaches the genital stage. It is during this stage wherein sexual tension builds up. It is a period of sexual maturity. The genital stage is the final stage in sexual development and it is in this stage where adolescents and adults are able to actualize unfilled desires from infancy and childhood (Morris and Maisto, 2002, p. 448). It is the time when mature sexual relationships are established.