Allelopathic Effect of S. Macrophylla on the Growth of V. Radiata Seedlings

Allelopathic force out of S. macrophylla on the harvest-time of V. radiata seedlings Thea Philea I. Mostralesa, Greeny Joy A. Perucho, Rhoshela Vi C. Rendon, put-on Gregor A. Rono, Emmerson P. Rullog, Riffcord R-Denz M. Tabula Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City (a Thea Philea I. Mostrales, e-mail theaphilea. emailprotected com) ABSTRACT Swietenia macrophylla, or normally cognise as the sepia guide in the Philippines, is an introduced species of the family Meliaceae that is commonly employ for lumber and reforestation projects.However, based on studies, it is shown that the reddish brown head has inhibitory effectuate that affect adjacent growing gear ups. This is do possible chemically and is referred to generally as allelopathy. This study aimed to determine is S. macrophylla had slightly(prenominal) adverse effect to the harvest-feast of plants in close proximity to it. The seekers selected three genus Se pia trees and deep-seated six plots of differeing distances with each plot hold offing ten monggo seedlings.The results obtained steer that there is no significant dispute surrounded by the out result of monggo seedlings growing approximative the mahogany tree to that of monggo seedling growing near the control tree based on the analysis through with(p) on the seedlings tip, weight and survival rate. Results besides indicate that distance of the seedlings from the S. macrophylla has no effect on the intensity of inhibition of the growth of the V. radiata.The results obtained can be attributed to factors that embarrass the texture of soil, fine-textures soil having been be to switch a greater retention capacity of allelochemicals than coarse-textures soils. Also, allelopathic interactions include both chief and inhibitory activities of phenolic allelochemicals and thus development seed sprouting as a bioassay debate whitethorn be of unretentive value. mainstay WORDS Swietenia macrophylla, allelopathy, growth of monggo seedlings, inhibitory effect of mahogany, introduced species INTRODUCTIONBACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE issue Swietenia macrophylla, commonly know in the Philippines as mahogany, is a member of the order Sapindales, under family Meliaceae. It is a large, fast-growing, semi-evergreen tree, popular for landscaping, especially in North American and Carribean countries, where it has a vulnerable status as provided by CITES (Oldfield 1995), and for its strong wood for lumber. This tree was first introduced in the Philippines as early as 1907, and 1913 as trigger off of the Mt. Makiling forest.It is currently use in the Philippines as a lumber tree and utilized in many reforestation projects. However, studies defecate shown that however respec bow S. macrophylla may be to the Philippine economy and to its environment, it also displays adverse do to the Philippine wildlife. As a recently introduced species, the said tree has b een unavailing to produce a natural web of life around it there atomic number 18 no natural consumers of mahogany in the country, and as such, the champaign around the tree will not be populated by native fauna immediately.It is also suspected that mahogany leaves contain allelopathic compounds. In a study conducted by P. Thinley in 2002, it was shown that S. macrophylla leaves inhibited the growth of genus Pterocarpus indicus. Allelopathic compounds inhibit growth and development of another(prenominal) plants when introduced to them. Allelopathy is the production of a sealed plant of such compounds and should not to be confused with competition, which may or may not involve allelopathy. Allelopathy is common in the plant kingdom, dispersed out in random fashion across orders.Some plants atomic number 18 deemed trespassing(a) due to their allelopathic nature and mahogany trees are not exempt. STATEMENT OF THE business The study aimed to determine if S. macrophylla can advers ely affect the growth of plants in close proximity to it and specifically sought to answer the following questions 1) Does mahogany affect the growth of newly put seedlings based on the seedlings height and weight? 2) Is there a significant difference amidst the growth of seedlings within the proximity of the mahogany tree to that of seedlings within the proximity of a different tree? ) Is there a significant difference between the survival rate of the seedlings within the proximity of the mahogany to that of seedlings within the proximity of a different tree? HYPOTHESIS The mahogany tree has no effect on the growth of newly planted seedlings. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The study aimed to determine the effect of the mahogany tree on the growth of monggo seedlings based solely on the seedlings weight and height after a specified amount of time.Other possible factors that might affect the growth of the seedlings deal availability of sunlight, presence of possible predators and competition with other plants in the neck of the woods were not included and was not accounted for in the analysis of the data obtained. MATERIALS & METHODS The seekers used monggo (Vigna radiata) as the subject plant. A frequent model plant for science lab work in Philippine schools, V. radiata is known to be easily grown, requires little maintenance and is fast-growing, which makes it ideal for an experiment limited to a few weeks.Monggo seeds were allowed to flash by soaking the seeds overnight. Three mahogany trees located along of import Way in the University of the Philippines Diliman Campus were chosen based on their proximity to other trees. Since competition with other flora could affect the results, it was made sure that the mahogany trees were at least three meters away from the other trees. They were marked as T1, T2 and T3. An acacia tree, Samanea saman, with similar conditions to the experimental trees, particularly to its proximity to other trees, was chosen as the control tree and was marked as T0.To standardize the direction of plant on each tree, angles of 200 east of north and 200 atomic number 74 of atomic number 16 were used to mark radii of 3m each on the north and south side of the tree, respectively. The plots were cleaned and cleared of grass and other flora. Each radius was dual-lane equally into three segments on each segment 10 monggo seeds were planted with a 10cm-interval per seed. Seeds planted on the north side were labelled as N1, N2 and N3 for segments positioned 1m, 2m and 3m away from the tree respectively.The labelling system was used for the south segments. The seeds were uprooted on the 9th day. Seedlings from the corresponding segment were grouped together. The heights of the seedlings were measured using a dominion from the apex of its leaves to the tip of the roots. To standardize the measurement of the height of the seedlings, the roots were swerve off at the point where the taproot has become soft and f ibrous. The seedlings were then weighed using a top-loading balance. The averages of the height and weight of each segment were then determined. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSwietenia macrophylla is known to have inhibitory personal effects that affect adjacent growing plants. This is made possible chemically and is referred to generally as allelopathy. The term allelopathy was coined by Molisch in 1937 to refer to biochemical interactions between all types of plants, including microorganisms traditionally placed in the plant kingdom(Waller 1987). It is defined by Rice (1984) as any direct or indirect beneficial or harmful effect of one plant, including microorganisms, on the other by means of release of chemicals to the environment.Phenolics, terpenoids, alkaloids, polyacetylenes, fatty acids, steroids and many other different secondary metabolites can act as allechemicals (Rice 1984 Waller 1987 Inderjit et al. 1995). However, the spotless presence of these chemicals does not establish allelopathy, to demonstrate their involvement in allelopathy, it is authorised to establish 1)their direct release or indirect origin from plant-derived materials in the environment and 2) that the chemicals are present in sufficient quantities and persist for a sufficient time in soil to affect plant species or microbes (Putnam & Tang 1986).Allelopathy is different to competition the latter defined as the removal or reduction of factors from the environment which are vital to survivability, by any(prenominal) other plant or microorganism sharing the same habitat. Allelopathic chemicals, or allelochemicals, are released by higher plants through several mechanisms. These are volatilization, transudation from roots, leaching from leaves or stem by rain,dew or fog, and from decomposition of residues that contain the allelochemicals. Low molecular weight allelochemicals such as those belonging to terpenes are dispersed by volatilization.Nonvolatile allelochemicals such as alkaloids accumulate on plant surface and find their way to the soil by being leached by rainwater. Allelochemicals secreted through root exudation are of several classes. Some are alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids, and many other types. Allelochemicals not directly secreted by the plant, in which whatsoever pigments are an example, but reach the soil by being released through the decomposition of the plant part that contains them (Leicach et al 2009). In the S. acrophylla, allelochemicals are released by the decomposition of leaf lot. S. macrophylla leaves are a source of tannins, which is evident on the reddish brown color of the dry leaves. Tannins are phenolic compounds that also function as an allelochemical. In February, mature S. macrophyllatrees shed their leaves, which will come to decompose on the ground and consequently release tannins from the cells. Aqueous extracts from the leaves of the S. macrophylla has been shown to check out the growth of Pterocarpus indicuss eedlings (T hinley 2002). Several hydrolysable and condensed tannins were identified as growth and germination inhibitors in dry fruit, growth retarders of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in several plants, and as reducers of seedling growth in several plants (Waller 1987). According to the data and the statistical analyses, the Swietenia macrophylla has no significant effect to the height, weight and survival rate of the Vigna emit seedlings compared to height, weight and survival rate of the seedlings planted near the Samanea saman. The inhibitory effects exhibited by the S. acrophylla may have been too little or at odds(predicate) to cause a significant change on the growth of the seedlings passim the duration of the experiment. The compared values of the height, weight and survival rate of seedlings planted near the S. macrophyllaand S. saman are shown in table 1, table 2, and table 3 respectively. The strong suit of allelochemicals produced by S. macrophylla may have been affected by legitim ate factors. Tannins have been shown to be bound by the humic material I of the soil and presumably inactivated (Waller 1987).The texture of soil has been proved to affect the effectiveness of allelochemicals, favouring fine-textured than coarse-textured soil, and evidence indicates that the greater retention capacity of fine-textured soils for at least some allelochemicals may be important in the accumulation of physiologically combat-ready concentrations of these chemicals (Waller 1987). This may have been the factor that reduced the effects of the allelochemicals involved in our experiment, owing to the beta ways coarser soil composition. It is also proven that allelochemicals are decomposed in the soil, either abiotically or by microorganisms (Waller 1987).It is also spy that distance of the seedlings from the S. macrophylla has no effect on the intensity of inhibition of the growth of the V. radiata. The effect of distance to the height, weight and survival rate of the seedli ngs is seen in table 4, table 5 and table 6 respectively. This observation may have resulted from the mechanism in which the allelopathic tannins are dispersed. On the site of the study, the leaf litter covering the soil surrounding the tree also covered to plots, which meant that the plots may have received variable amounts of allelochemicals as these leached when rains fell.The type of experimentation done was also a factor in investigating the inhibitory effects of allelochemicals. Authors argue whether seed germination is an efficient test in conclusion out allelopathic potential of phenolic compounds seed germination is an important parameter for evaluating allelopathic potential of phenolic compounds (Rice, 1984 Waller, 1987), However, using seed germination as a bioassay parameter may be of little value (Stowe, 1979 Inderjit & Dakshini, 1995a). This is because allelopathic interactions include both promontory and inhibitory activities of phenolic allelochemicals.ACKNOWLEDGEM ENTS The researchers would like to express their heartfelt gratitude to the following who contributed with the completion of this research * First of all, to the Almighty God, to whom the researchers dedicate this research study. * To their families and friends who served as their inspirations and the source of very much needed support. * Ms. Lillian Jennifer Rodriguez, for her support and pleader and for lending us pink ribbons for our experiment. * Mr. James LaFrankie, for his contribution to the success of this research study. CONTRIBUTION OF INDIVIDUAL AUTHORSThea Philea Mostrales Analysis of data, abstract of paper, SP proper Greeny Joy Perucho opening and Methodology of paper, SP proper Rhoshela Vi Rendon Analysis of data, tables, SP proper John Gregor Rono Results and watchword of paper, SP proper Emmerson Rullog Introduction and Methodology, SP proper Riffcord R-Denz Tabula Results and discussion, SP proper REFERENCES Leicach, S. R. , Sampietro D. A. , Narwal, S. S . , Allelochemicals intention in correct Environment Interaction, Studium Press 2009 Plant phenolics in allelopathy. The Botanical Review. raw(a) York Botanical Garden. 996. HighBeam Research. 4 April 2013 The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International confederacy for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 4 April 2013 Thinley P. 2002. Negative interaction between large leaf mahogany (*Swietenia macrophyllaKing) and some indigenous tree secies in lowland forest of Mt. Makiling allelopathy, a possible cause? Unpublished B. S. Forestry Thesis, UPLB-CFNR. Waller, G. R. , Allelochemicals Role in Agriculture and Forestry, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. 1987 TABLES Table 1. self-directed Samples T-test of the elevation of Monggo Plants at 0. 05 significance level Levenes show for friction matchity of Variances t-test for constituteity of manner F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) destine disagreement Std. Error Difference 95% Confidence Interval of t he Difference deject Upper height Equal variances assumed . 167 . 704 . 737 4 . 502 1. 000428290 1. 357522153 -2. 768657448 4. 769514028 Equal variances not assumed . 737 3. 900 . 503 1. 000428290 1. 357522153 -2. 807242567 4. 808099147 Table 2.Independent Samples T-test of the burden of Monggo Plants at 0. 05 significance level Levenes Test for Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of message F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper weight Equal variances assumed . 344 . 589 -. 445 4 . 679 -. 006665782 . 014968143 -. 048224010 . 034892446 Equal variances not assumed -. 445 3. 819 . 680 -. 006665782 . 014968143 -. 049013784 . 035682220 Table 3. Independent Samples T-test of the Survival Rate of Monggo Plants at 0. 5 significance level Levenes Test for Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper weight Equal variances assumed . 344 . 589 -. 445 4 . 679 -. 006665782 . 014968143 -. 048224010 . 034892446 Equal variances not assumed -. 445 3. 819 . 680 -. 006665782 . 014968143 -. 049013784 . 035682220 Table 4. analysis of variance of the Height of Monggo Plants at 0. 05 significance level midpoint of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 14. 889 2 7. 44 4. 598 . 062* Within Groups 9. 715 6 1. 619 radical 24. 604 8 *no significant difference Table 5. ANOVA of the Weight of Monggo Plants at 0. 05 significance level Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups . 003 2 . 001 1. 960 . 221* Within Groups . 005 6 . 001 Total . 008 8 *no significant difference Table 6. ANOVA of the Survival Rate of Monggo Plants at 0. 05 significance level Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups . 011 2 . 005 . 487 . 637* Within Groups . 065 6 . 011 Total . 076 8 *no significant differenceTable 7. Average Height, Weight, and Survival Rate of Monggo Plants corner Distance from tree (m) Height (cm) Weight (g) Survival Rate T0 1 16. 67 0. 2361 0. 9 2 15. 49 0. 2347 0. 95 3 13. 15 0. 2074 0. 95 T1 1 16. 21 0. 2255 1. 0 2 17. 02 0. 2567 0. 75 3 16. 73 0. 2380 0. 75 T2 1 13. 00 0. 1688 0. 8 2 18. 99 0. 2553 0. 85 3 16. 55 0. 2340 1. 0 T3 1 14. 22 0. 1884 0. 95 2 16. 86 0. 1928 0. 9 3 15. 07 0. 2183 0. 9 T0 = controlled tree S. saman T1 = maiden replicate of S. macrophylla T2 =2nd replicate of S. macrophylla T3 = 3rd replicate of S. macrophylla